Marisia - Maros Megyei Múzeum Évkönyve 37. (2017)
Nicolae Victor Fola: Aspecte ale modernizării şi occidentalizării învăţământului superior din Transilvania (1850-1918) şi confluenţele lui europene
Marisia XXXVII Aspecte ale modernizärii §i occidentalizärii Tnvätämantului superior din Transilvania (1850-1918) §i confluence lui europene Nicolae Victor FOLA* Aspects of Modernization and Westernization of Higher Education in Transylvania (1850-1918) and its European confluences Abstract Higher education in Transylvania between the Revolution of 1848 and The First World War has been subject to several improvement projects( until then only partially accomplished), the intra- Carpathian region being a border zone at the junction between the countries with insufficiently reformed university systems of education and the sphere of influence of the former Germanic model . Within the frame of the implementation of the Austrian reform of the educational system(1849-1853), this adds to the education related mobility of Germanophile teachers and students , the so called „ peregrinatio academica’’. During the Austro-Hungarian dualism , the Hungarian educational policy develops, centered upon the strategy of consolidation of the Hungarian unitary concept. The German and Swiss universities remain the most popular ones, while the non-German and non- Hungarian universities within the Empire (Poszony/Bratislava, Kracow, the Prague and Zagreb University) quickly became centers of the national movements. The distinctive features of the national identities got more and more defined over time, while the national movements intensified. As a consequence, within the context of the changes brought by the world war and the tendencies of redefining the European societies, the Habsburg Empire (however, not the only one) fell, and the world evolved towards new horizons of developement. Key-words: Scientific and technical progress, educational progress, intellectual elites, institutional modernization Dezvoltarea culturalä europeanä, ín acceptiunea a ceea ce include in „valorile culturale lungi” (secolele al Xll-ea - al XIV- lea), ín contextui introducerii unor inovatii tehnice §i economice (din secolul al XII lea in Europa Occidental se considera cä s-а atins prosperitatea economicä), a promovärii päcii sociale, chiar a incercärii de coagulare a ínceputurilor societätii civile se infiinteazä primele universitati. ín primul val, in Europa Centralä §i de Est iau nähere universitátile din Praga (1348),Cracovia (1364), Pécs (1367), cu functionare intermitentä fiind cele din Buda (1389) §i Pressburg (1456). ín al doilea val se cuprind universitátile din Rostock (1419), Königsberg (1544), Lemberg (1661). Evolutia lor a fost stimulata de lluminism §i valorile lui, in primul ränd autoeliberarea prin cunoa§tere (idee cardinalä, pentru Immanuel Kant), aläturi de triada libertate-egalitate-fraternitate, promovatä de revolutiile burgheze. Spatiul geografic circumseris acestor procese cuprinde nordul Italiei, Elvetia, Beneluxul, Anglia, jumätatea vesticä a Germaniei, nord-vestul Frantei, Suedia, regiuni care pänä azi se constituie ca „inimä” a continentului. Tentatia de explicare a acestui avangardism doar prin cauze economice nu este suficientä. Prevaleazä factorul uman §i avangardismul cultural al societätilor acestui areal. Dovada о reprezintä utilizarea tiparului cu litere mobile, in 1447, iar majoritatea tipografiilor (ca §i a universitätilor) se concentrau in acest spatiu (rol important il au aceste zone pänä azi, de fapt, in cadrul Uniunii Europene). * Profesor doctor, Tärnäveni; e-mail: doinafola@yahoo.com 61
