Marisia - Maros Megyei Múzeum Évkönyve 34-35. (2014-2015)
Articles
96 E. Gáll At the same time, there is no narrative source available for the social realities and the development of properties in the area of Sighi^oara. The micro-region in question belonged to the wide territory of the county of Fehér/Alba. Due to the imprecision of the narrative sources, the existence of the different types of properties known from the Hungarian Kingdom (royal properties, fortification districts, communities of servants who took care of the royal properties, lay private properties), but also of population conglomerates on its territory, one cannot form a clear opinion on the status and group identity, born of its statute, of the community on Dealul Viilor. I have to mention that besides the Szekler military garrisons one also knows of large lay and ecclesiastic properties in the area, to which the king had donated significant domains along River Tárnává Mare. During the above mentioned period, in eastern and south-eastern Transylvania one can already speak of a dense network of settlements that is a clear indication of the fact that the territories were not only conquered, but also institutionally organized by the Hungarian kings. According to archaeological data that we have at our disposal we can state very clearly that people established here could not have been located in the eastern and south-eastern border area of the kingdom because contemporary with the analyzed necropolis there are settlements, churches, cemeteries, treasures, isolated discoveries, which lie south and east of this line, which clearly demonstrates the existence of a dense network of housing 12th century (the churchyards from Avrämesti, Chilieni, Cristuru Secuiesc, Dräuseni, Feldioara, Jacodu, Odorheiu Secuiesc-Szentimre, Mugeni, Meresti, Ocland, Peteni, Petriceni, Reci, Ulies, Viscri, Zäbala; “motte” fortress type from Ocland, Värghis-Rika, Tusnad Bái- Vártető; royal fortresses like the ones in Odorheiu Secuiesc- Budvár or Praid-Rapsonné; rural settlements from Anghelus, Cernat, Chilieni, Cotormani, Cristuru Secuiesc, Leliceni, Mugeni, Polonifa, Reci, Säncräieni, Sänsimion, Sfántu Gheorghe-Bedeháza, Sighisoara- Dealul Viilor, Turia, Ungra, Väcäresti). We can only hope that such things as a more exact dating of the earthenware can be achieved by carrying out much more exact excavations and interdisciplinary researches, in the area of the former seats of Odorhei and Cristurul Secuiesc, in the area of the seat of Ciuc, or Three Seats (for the mapping of these points, see also Annex 1) These sites clearly show the result of the colonising policy of the kingdom, which was started already in the 12th century (or towards the end of the 11th century) in the Transylvanian Basin. Another issue that should be clarified is that of the (inter)dependence relations between the early microregional centers and the center of the county of Alba. In the 12th century in Transylvanian Basin, a considerable amount of archaeological signs seem to show a ’westernisation in many different aspect of life ranging from the material culture and the dwelling places to funerary customs and fashion, which had no antecedent in the 11th century. Among the fashion products of the 11th century, the hair pins with with sphere-shaped ends are completely unknown, it appeared as a fashion product of the western world in the Transylvanian Basin. Besides the hair pins with sphere-shaped ends, a long, shirt-like, straightly tailored piece of clothes called Cotte also became in fashion, whose vertical cut was held together by a metal buckle. It goes to show one concrete fact, namely that apart from the migrations that also appear in the written records, the Hungarian Kingdom (including its eastern part) deeply integrated into the western culture. Moreover, a funerary fashion unknown in the cemeteries of earlier ages can be registered in the 12th century Transylvanian Basin. It shows a deep transformation of the Hungarian Kingdom, which can be best described with Erik Fiigedi’s words: „...e folyamatban két partner vett részt: Magyarország és Nyugat-Európa. Európa kitágult, magához vonzotta a Kárpát-medencét (...there were two participants in this process: Hungary and Western Europe. Europe has expanded attracting the Carpathian Basin to itself).” The research of these aspects is mainly a task for archaeology and its auxiliary sciences.
