Kutatás-Fejlesztés – Tudományszervezési Tájékoztató, 1984

5. szám - Bibliográfia

483 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HUNGARY 1982 Relying on the 1982 R+D Statistical Yearbook of the Hungarian Central Office the author gives a detailed and critical account of the development of Hungarian scientific and technological potential, the change of its role and place in Hungary's national economy as well as its present structure /i.e. its .organizational forms, manpower categories, sources of finance, forms of activities and hierarchy of management/. Besides the advantages the modernization process of Hungarian R+D statistics has been accompanied by certain disadvantages /i.e. comparison with previous year's data has become more difficult/. In the eighties R+D sphere functions under more adverse cirumstances in Hungary,too, and at the same time, it must meet demands which are essentially greater than former ones. This requires more concentrated efforts and the mobilization of inner reserves. Consequently, the structure of activities is changed; new priorities are found in national research plans; the system of R+D finance is altered and, finally, new financial funds and incentives will assist innovation etc. However, national economy and society are not ready yet for the broader and more effective utilization of scientific and technological results. The actual R+D manpower makes up 0.99 per cent of the country's occupied population; R+D expenditures are 2.56 per cent of the GDP /in real terms/. Less and less proportion of the national budget is spent on R+D : only 0.?6 per cent of the total budgetary spendings. For the time being this decline has been compensated by other sources. Giving numerous interesting examples the author tries to reveal whether the level of R+D potential achieved so far can be considered as satisfying. At the end of his analysis which is supplemented by science policy evaluations and far more detailed than former ones the author reviews the estimates of world R+D capacity and its distribution by region, based on the latest UNESCO data. THE EVALUATION OF SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTS: OUTLINES OF A COMPLEX APPROACH The author joins those making efforts to achieve more reliable and exact evaluations of scientific products, and he shows a possible means for the identification of certain elements of intuitive judgements and makes them more exact while keeping them comparatively complex. Among the characteristics of scientific products the most relevant features may be regarded as value dimensions. By nature they can be cognitive /depending on their novelty, truth-content, relevance, explaining forces, strength of verification or falsification, forecasting capabilities and problem-generating forces/, they can be of scientific and syntactical /logical, methodological and formal values/, practical and, finally, economic character. According to the author's view experts' teams should draw up series of value dimensions and make the network of them more exact, rank them individually and by groups and then, with the help of this