Miklós Kásler - Zoltán Szentirmay (szerk.): Identifying the Árpád Dynasty Skeletons Interred in the Matthias Church. Applying data from historical, archaeological, anthropological, radiological, morphological, radiocarbon dating and genetic research (Budapest, 2021)
Glossary
PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, the in vitro amplification of a given segment of a DNA molecule. Plasmid: Two-stranded, circular DNA, which is capable of autonomous reproduction inside bacteria; used for cloning DNA. Point mutation: Swapping a base with another in the nucleic acids. Polarization microscopy: A process aimed at detecting organized biological structures, which makes use of the phenomenon of double refraction. The polarized light means that the light waves vibrate on one plane, parallel to each other. The polarized light which enters the organized molecular structure splits into two beams, one of them goes through the material slower (collagen fibre, cell membrane for example), while the other goes through it faster, and the two beams unite again upon exit, but the polar lights plane of vibration swivels. The biréfringent biological structure appears glowing brightly in the microscope calibrated to a dark field of vision, which can be further emphasized through various staining methods. Polymerases: Enzymes, which catalyze the integration of nucleotides at the DNA- or RNA-chains 3’-end during DNA replication or RNA transcription. Polymorphism: Alternative forms of protein, DNA or RNA sequences, which are also present in the population under normal circumstances. Primer: Short, usually 20-30 bases long, single-strand DNA sequence, which is complementary with one of the DNA strands. On the free 3’-OH end the DNA polymerase starts synthesizing a deoxyribonucleotide chain. 220
