Zalai Múzeum 11. Kereszténység Pannóniában az első évezredben (Zalaegerszeg, 2002)

Mulvin, Lynda: Late Roman Villas in the Danuba Balkan Region and the Evidence for the Development of Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture

34 Mulvin, Lynda dings of the aristocracy in secular use for episcopal palace buildings and for religious use with early Christian churches, baptisteries and tombs ensured that they endured as forms and became a feature of early Christian and Byzantine architecture. Today I have only touched on the well established evidence for the existence of some influence, at least, of late Roman villa architecture in the form of elite secular buildings of the Byzantine period. I hope I have said enough to demonstrate that late Roman villa architecture may have had an enduring influence. For me a strong point to emerge from my study was that this influence may have been most enduring, and most important, in the now familiar forms of Christian architecture. Al1 For Pannónia, E.B. Thomas, Römische Vilién in Pannonién (Budapest 1964) and M. Biró, "Roman Villas in Pannónia", AAASH, 26 (1974), 23-57. For Dalmatia, M. Vasic, "Römische Vilién vom Typus der Villa rustica auf jugoslawischem Boden", Arch. lug., 11 (Belgrade 1970), 45-82. For Moesia and Thracia: J. Henning, "Die lândliche Besiedlung im Umland von Sadovec und die römische Agrarstrukturen im europâischen Vorland von Byzanz", in H. Bender und H. Wolff (eds.), Landliche Besiedlung und Landwirtschaft in den Rhein-Donau Provinzen des römischen Reiches. Vortràge eines Internationalen Kolloquiums vom 16-21 April 1991 in Passait (Leidorf, Espelkamp 1994), 463-504 and С Dremsizova, "La Villa Romaine en Bulgarie", Actes du Premier Congrès International des Etudes Balkaniques et Sud-Est Européennes 2, Sofia, 26Aug-l Sept 1966 (Sofia 1969), 503512. For Dacia, V Baumann, Ferma Romána din Dobrogea (Tulcea 1983). JT. Smith, in his Roman Villas: A Study in Social Structure ( 1997), devotes one chapter to the villas of south-east Europe, but this is a limited study whose typology proceeds from a non-architectural standpoint. ' The format of the peristyle plan as it developed for use in Roman provincial houses from the first century ВС had an atrium at the entrance, a peristyle in the centre of the house with the dining room or triclinium placed across from the entrance on a central axis. This plan is thought to have its origins in the Italic style as first adapted in first century urban Roman examples, such as at Pompeii and Herculaneum. A. Wallace-Hadrill, Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum (New Jersey 1994), refer to plan example fig. 3.10, 42, Casa del Menandro, Pompeii. 1 L. Barkóczi, "A Sixth Century Cemetery from Keszthely-Fenékpuszta", AAASH, 20 (1968), 275-311. For Donnerskirchen: A. Barb, „Die römischen Ausgrabunthough it may be argued that there is no direct linking thread from one to the other, the appearance of these forms (the apsidal hall and the triconch) in early Christian and Byzantine architecture in the Danube-Balkan region can be interpreted in part as a response to the stimulus provided by the existing forms found in late Roman villa plans. There is I believe, a certain basis for continuity in the evolution and transfer of ideas from Roman secular buildings to later religious buildings. Specifically, it appears to me that the examples of the apsidal hall and the triconch, after much experimentation in the Roman period, served to provide a series of models for Byzantine architecture. gen von Donnerskirchen und das âlteste Denkmal christlichen Kults in Österreich", BH, 15 (1953), 97. For Kékkút: E. B. Thomas, "Villa settlements", in A. Lengyel and G. T B. Radan (eds.), The Archaeology of Roman Pannónia (Budapest 1980), 275-321. For Kővágószőlős: A. Burger, "The Roman Villa and Mausoleum at Kővágószőlős, near Pécs (Sopianae). Excavations 1977-1982", A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Evkönyve, 30-31 (1985-1986), 65-228. -> Arius was a Libyan d. 336 who championed sub-ordinationist teaching. Eusebius of Nicomedia was a supporter. His writing are known through letters of Eusebius and through a work known as the "Banquet" or Thalia. FL. Cross (éd.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford 1997), 315. E. B. Thomas, "Religion", in Lengyel and Radan, The Archaeology of Pannónia, 177204 and esp. 201-206 for references to Arianism in Pannónia. ° Sirmium (AD 420) was one of the few towns in Pannónia which remained in Roman control in the fifth century AD. B. Migotti, Evidence for Christianity in Roman Southern Pannónia (Northern Croatia): A Catalogue of Finds and Sites, BAR. Int. Ser. 684, 1997, 19-25 and A. Mócsy, Pannónia and Upper Moesia, A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire (London and Boston 1974), 352. 'Thomas, op. cit. n. 5, 201-206. 8 D. Srejovic (éd.), Roman Imperial Towns and palaces in Serbia : Sirmium, Romuliana, Naissus (Belgrade 1993), 31-45. 9 Srejovic, ibid., 57-81. 10 K. Dunbabin, "Triclinium and Stibadium", in W.J. Slater (éd.), Dining in a Classical Context (Ann Arbor 1991), 121-148, esp. 147-148. 11 M. Mango, "Seuso Treasure", JRA Supp., 12, 1 (1994), 1Note: