Zalai Múzeum 9. 100 éves a Keszthelyi Balatoni Múzeum (Zalaegerszeg, 1999)

P. Barna Judit: A dunántúli vonaldíszes kerámia kultúrájának leletei Balatonmagyaród–Kápolnapusztáról

20 P. Barna Judit TLPC finds from Balatonmagyaród-Kápolnapuszta This article describes the middle Neolithic finds unearthed during the rescue excavation in Balatonmagyaród-Kápolnapuszta (Zala county) in spring, 1993. The finds represent the so-called Keszthely group of the Middle European (Transdanubian) Linear Band Potters (==TLPC). Due to the high degree disturbance of the site the finds were not found in objects, so they can be regarded as stray finds. Despite these unfavourable factors a description of the finds is worth publishing since they certainly represent one given site and as far as their typology is concerned they can be regarded as uniform finds which reflect almost all the characteristic typological attributes of the Keszthely group of the TLPC. Most of the finds are ceramics, besides these a small number of lithics and animal bones was unearthed. The lithics have not been processed in a detailed maimer, so their description is not published here. The small number of animal bones, considering the fact that they are stray finds, cannot be attached to any of the cultures represented on the site. This is why only the ceramic finds which certainly represent the TLPC are described here. The forms of the vessels in both categories - fine and coarse ceramics - reflect the usual, characteristic forms of the Keszthely group. There is no wide variety of forms. Line decoration, mostly incised in a wide and deep manner, dominates in the decoration of fine ceramics (Table 173; Table 2.-4; Table 579.). The patterns are curvolinear or straight, in some cases both types occur on one vessel (Table I.

/2.). In the fine category appears the greyish-black, sand tempered ware. The coarse ceramics are mostly undecorated. on a smaller number of decorated fragments mostly plastic decoration (Table 9./3; Table 10; Table 11.), in one or two cases incised decoration can be seen (Table 571213;Table 6./8-10;Table 873.). The patterns are not varied in either category, this can only partially be attributed to the high fragmentation of the finds, fundamentally the ceramics in the Keszthely group were not highly decorated. No special objects or imported ceramics were found among the finds. They probably date back to the classical period of the Keszthely group. The Balatonmagyaród-Kápolnapuszta finds show the greatest similarity to the Keszthely-Dobogó finds, however there are similar finds excavated on various other sites, e.g. Becsehely-I, Juta-Gagarin. These sites represent the same horizon, e.g. the classical period of the Keszthely group. An outstanding find is the fragment of a humanshaped clay figurine (Table 171. a-b-c.). which is not an independent sculpture, probably it decorated the rim of a vessel (higth: 5.1cm. width: 2.4cm). The colour of the statuette is greyish brown, it is made of fired clay, mixed with sand and small gravel. The face is flat, the head is of triangular shape, its top is widening and it is streched backwards, the back of it is missing. The statuette must have broken off a surface, it is indicated by a sloping line at the bottom of the trunk, as well as by the fact that in its original position in profile it was leaning backwards, the face slightly tilting upwards. The eyes and the mouth are indicated by incised lines. The arms are represented by two small stumps sticking out on the sides, there are no legs, but the knees are indicated by two short incised lines. There is a V-shaped engravement on the belly. On the back the incised lines formulate the so-called pine branch decoration. The appearencc of the statuette is rough, the human shape is rather stylized. The stauette has many archaic attributes, typologically it is similar to figurine fragments from the oldest phase of the TLPC. The most striking attributes of the figurine from Balatonmagyaród, the head of triangular shape, the manner of representing the arms and the appearance of the pine branch decoration, all are typical features of the oldest phase of the TLPC. but all of them exist after the oldest phase, too. The interpretations of the incised lines on idols are not generally adopted, the different approachments can be connected with two main trends: one of them explains the incised lines as the appearance of the clothing, the chest-band as a symbol of power, or the hairstyle. The decorating style is called „X-ray style" by the other trend. The name means that the incised lines do not indicate the clothing, the jewellery, or the hair-style, but they try to depict the human skeleton. In our opinion the clay figurine from Balatonmagyaród makes more probable the second approchment. Translated by Judit P. Barna