A Veszprém Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei 23. (Veszprém, 2004)
Regenye Judit: Háztípusok és településszerkezet a késői lengyeli kultúrában veszprémi és szentgáli példán alapján
26 cm brick and a stone with a base area of 10 x 35 cm. A fragment from the side of a pot was squeezed under the pillar. On the kiln ledge and the brick-stone pillar, a grating structure was placed in a cross formation, probably originally consisting of four bricks, subsequently baked in situ. Onto these bricks was plastered a grating with irregular openings. There were a great many tube fragments in the debris, with large pieces of pots among them. (Fig. 13-19.) Based on the complete but out of shape articles, fired at various temperatures, found in the BalatonalmádiVörösberény kiln, it could have been abandoned during operation. The interior was not cleaned out. On the basis of the large quantity of tubes found in the kiln, it can be postulated that the pottery workshop operating the kiln may have specialised in the production of heating pipes, or at least it had to fulfil a large order for these in this final firing. Some of these tubes may also have been used for directing the hot air and for supporting the various levels to separate off the vessels to be fired. Into the remaining space alongside the tubes, pots, bowls and mugs were also placed into the kiln for firing. The glazed and unglazed pots were fired together with the bowls, as well as with smoothed and glazed urns (with a glossed surface), pots and mugs. The favourite glaze colours in the Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény pottery workshop may have been green, yellowish-green and yellowish-brown. Although several scholars have pointed out that dating based on the colour of glaze is rather uncertain, K. Ottományi, relying on the Leányfalu material, considers the use of green glaze to be dominant from the second half of the 4 th century. Some of the bowls, jugs and mugs from the kiln had been decorated with flatting (glossing) and smoothed-in patterns. This procedure for treating the surface was continually applied starting from the early imperial period, or so it seems, at least on the grey vessels, jugs and bowls. From the 370s, however, we can consider the mass appearance of smoothedin ceramics in Pannónia. The leading vessel form among the BalatonalmádiVörösberény kiln material is a smallish pot. The rim formation of the vessels is similar. This type of pot form appears frequently in the 4 th century material from Pannónia; examples can be cited from Zengővárkony, the Somogyszil cemetery, Intercisa, Arrabona and even Leányfalu. The rim formation with the sharp profile is also known from the second kiln from Balatonaliga, dated to the late 4th (early 5 th ) century. The pot rim formation can also be compared with the rim formation of our jugs. Examples which can be considered a parallel are known from Intercisa, and some from the Somogyszil cemetery which are dateable with coins to between 337 and 361. A grey bowl with an S profile, reminiscent of Celtic forms, and with severe precipitation, is also featured among the kiln materials. This type of bowl, which appeared towards the end of the 4th century, was still in use in the 5th in Pannónia, principally in the Danube bend, South Pannónia and Carnuntum, but it has also been found in Ács-Vaspuszta, KeszthelyFenékpuszta, Tác and Intercisa. The brownish-grey Somogyszil bowl with a rougher surface has been dated by coins of Julianus, Valentinianus and Valens. Bowls with horizontal rims are represented in the kiln material by three rim fragments and several base fragments. The green-glazed pieces are probably parts of one vessel, so all together three bowls may have been placed in the kiln originally. Of the three bowls, the inside of one was decorated with green glaze, the interior of another with smoothedin parallel bands. The material of the smoothed-in bowl is grey, in contrast to the other two. The horizontal rims were divided up by grooves; the rim edges have oblique cuts or notches. The bowls with horizontal rims are often found in Roman period settlements and cemeteries; among the variants there are differences in the profile formations, and the division and decoration of the rims. Glazed bowls with horizontal rims found in Tác, which geographically lies closest to Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény, have been dated from the middle to the third quarter of the 4 th century based on stratigraphic considerations. This bowl form was also produced by the Tokod workshop; the bowls from the Somogyszil cemetery have been dated by coins to the middle/second half of the 4* century. Still to be emphasised from the ceramic materials collected from the kiln are a small, yellowish-brown, hemispherical bowl with a drawn-in rim, which may be a lid (no. 28), fragments of mugs with handles, and a large, yellowishbrown tankard with a horizontal rim. As a parallel to the tankard form, a smoothed-in vessel from the small fortification of Pilismarót-Malompatak could be mentioned. In the large group of mugs with handles, closer parallels are to be found in the cemeteries of Zengővárkony and Somogyszil, and in the Tokod material. Following this review of the ceramic materials, it can be established that the kiln in Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény was lit for the last time in the final third of the 4th century, and for some external reason, it was never demolished. 59
