Nagy Zoltán: A dunántúli cseréppipa-készítő műhelyek és termékeik a 19. században (Fontes Castriferriensis 1. Szombathely, 2001)

NAGY ZOLTÁN: DUNÁNTÚLI CSERÉPPIPA KÉSZÍTŐ MŰHELYEK ÉS TERMÉKEIK A XIX. SZÁZADBAN Bonyhád, nor Pápa gave place for the performance of the famous pipe maker master craftsman M. (Michael) Honig, or (Ignatus) Bodnár, or Anton Partsch working in Theresienfeld, rather by prove Johannes Schwarz in Körmend, Philip Betlheim in Vasvár, M. (Marcus) Saurwein Jewish pipe maker master of Bonyhád sealed their own trade marks in their own pipes by their home-made seals. Samual Boscowitz followed the same practice at the end of the 19

th century, who distributed the purchased shapes with his own seal. To follow-up is quite impossible during the examination of certain pieces, only the recovered ones provide proof, as the pipes earthed in Körmend may have presumably been made there. In other words, if such pipe fragments are found, of which shape defaults are identical, an one amongst the two names is local, the other is a trade marked one, then the affair turns out. In other cases, the incidental use of a typical master mark on a different series will cover reality. The egretted head typical to mark the works of Johann Schwarz appears on one pipe marked by the name of Anton Partsch, whilst the usual mark of a lily should have been sealed on it. The phenomenon of abusing the trade marks to a high extent is supported by the fact that M. Hönig's recorded name seal is not identical with the one used in Körmend, Vasvár, and Bonyhád. To be considered that based on the data available the pipe manufacturing workshops in the Transdanubian region were not compatible with the guildhall system, rather conducted an individual venture. Their bosses, presumably German-speaking Jews, were occupied with sales as well except for Selmecbánya. To establish the centers the neighboring clay mines providing good-quality fire and heat-proof clay ensured a favorable condition, which is proven by their close distance to the nearby ceramics producing centers (Holies, Batiz, Pápa, Vásroslőd). The issue including the geographical names of Vas County indicates the name of pipe-field bouncing the previous local name of Sárpástya located at the boundary line of Körmend, which presumably means the place, where clay mining took place nearby the clay pits of the close brick factory. As a gist we shall see that the archaeological techniques applied are insufficient to determine the date with decennial precision, when the claypipes were earthed, as we have gained only few information to date on the types of everyday use pottery, metal and majolica artifacts, foundry fragments as well as their earliest date of distribution, whilst the age of coins to help dating is quite insignificant due to the nature of land filling in. However, the collective research on the sources of history, statistics, literature and archives confirm that the earliest master craftsmen migrated Körmend at around 1823 from Nyitra and Szered, whilst the birth certificates witness their active operation until their death, at least the 1860's. The report of the Sopron Chamber of Commerce discloses that such industry became extinct until around 1876. In the expanded vicinity, only Pápa, farther 92