Vadas Ferenc (szerk.): A Szekszárdi Béri Balogh Ádám Múzeum Évkönyve 13. (Szekszárd, 1986)

Janusz K. Kozlowski: The Late Lengyel-Polgár Groups in Poland

hollow pedestal. Identical ornamental motifs are found in the Tiszapolgár culture especially in the Deszk group distinguished by I. Bognár-Kutzián (1972). In the Lublin region we may also expect the influence of the Rzeszów type assemblages, which occur in the areas occupied mainly by the Lublin-Volhyn (cf. materials from Las Stocki). SUMMARY In the development of Lengyel-Polgár group the chronological turning point was the decline of the Stroke-Ornamented Pottery synchronous with the emergence of the White Painted Ware. This turning point closed the early stage of Lengyel influences and preceded the Unpainted Lengyel phase. It was a fairly short period, lasting from ca. 3800 years b.c. to 3700 years b.c. The Unpainted Lengyel groups which developed later (Pleszów-Modlnica, Ocice, Brzesc Kujawski) lasted much longer for up túl about 3200/3100 years BC, that is almost 600 or more calender years (4400-3800 years BC). During this fairly long time-span relatively few stylistic changes took place in ceramics, while basic modifications concerned lithic technologies (change in the dimensions of blades, standardization of blanks), in methods of obtaining mineral raw materials and in economy. This led to the re-organization of the settlement network and first changes in social organization. These phenomena can be described as eneolithization, and indeed, towards the end of the period discussed the first copper artefacts appear. The latest stage in the development of the Lengyel-Polgár group falls at the turn of the IV and III radiocarbon millenium, between 3200/3100 and 2800/2700 years BC. The main unpainted Lengyel groups vanish with the increasing importance of the groups of the Funnel Beaker culture. The Lengyel-Polgár groups which emerge in this horizon do not constitute a continuation (except for the Brzesé Kujawski group) of the „Unpainted Lengyel", but are linked with small population groups that migrated from the territories south of the Carpathians and the Sudetes, or were forced out from the Lublin Plateau by the people of the Funnel Beaker culture. The encroachment of these groups upon the Funnel Beaker culture environment was doubtless a cause of political tensions and wars evidenced, for example, by fortifications surrounding late Polgár settlements in Ziota and Bronocice. In Silesia the situation may have been different since graves in Jordanów contain pottery associated most probably with the Funnel Beaker culture thereby indicating a peaceful coexistence of different socio-cultural groups. The settlement system of the late phase of the Lengyel-Polgár cultures is different. Enclaves temporarily abandoned by the Funnel Beaker population were settled, suggesting a greater mobility of small population groups. So unlike the developed settlement system in the unpainted Lengyel phase, this settlement did not form a permanent network. 304