Vadas Ferenc (szerk.): A Szekszárdi Béri Balogh Ádám Múzeum Évkönyve 13. (Szekszárd, 1986)

Janusz K. Kozlowski: The Late Lengyel-Polgár Groups in Poland

POLISH LOWLANDS The background for the emergence and evolution of „Late Linear group" (Danubian) in the Polish Lowlands was first of all the Malice culture tradition. This together with some western influences diffused from the areas of the StrokeOrnamented and Rossen ceramics, and had also Lengyel influences mainly from the area of the Pleszów group. Phenomena which led to the formation of the typical lowland „Late Danubian" unit, such as the Brzesc Kujawski are divided into the following periods: 1. the period of penetration by small population groups from Little Poland in the outcome of which assemblages of the Konary 20 type occured (Czerniak 1978). They show close similarity to Malice assemblages in Little Poland (only two sherds among materials from Konary 20 do not reveal Malice links, namely representing Rossen stylistics). Although ca. 90% of flint raw material at Konary 20 is of local origin, ca. 10% consists of Jurassic and „Chocolate" flint thereby confirming connections with Western Little Poland. 2. the period of further development of the Malice style, especially impressed ornamentation and some vessel shapes. At the same time western elements appear shared with the Gora group affiliated to the Rössen style. This period is represented first of all by assemblages from the settlement in Gustorzyn (unpublished results of investigations by R. Grygel), and some other sites in Kujawy (Brzesc Kujawski 4 pit 742, Kuczyna 1, Radziejów 5 pit 14). Contemporaneous with this horizon are Kujawian sites ascribed to phase lib of the „Late Linear culture". L. Czarniak claims (1980) that these sites show even more conspicuous western post-Stroke-Ornamented features (post-Stichbandkeramik) as for example InowroclawMajwy. The date obtained at Gustorzyn (3790±70 b.c.) places this chronological horizon fairly early, but this tallies with the dates for the early phase of the Brzesc Kujawski group from Krusza Zamkowa (3730±60 and 3615+100). 3. the end of this chronological horizon when in Kujawy materials closely resembling the Pleszów group occur in Little Poland (Brzesc Kujawski 4, pit 734). Their presence was, in all probability a result of the penetration of small population groups who played some role in the formation of the Brzeác Kujawski group. 4. the process of formation of the Brzesc Kujawski group was most probably the result of the impact of the local Malice substratum as well as of the influence of the western post-Stroke-Ornamented group and new intrusions from Little Poland. In the outcome, a socio-cultural system evolved, best suited to the lowland conditions, with a more flexible economy (especially stock-breeding), differing however from the Lowland transformation of southern models in the Funnel Beaker culture. The evolution of the Brzesc Kujawski group covers a long timespan: from the early phase dated, as we have mentioned above, in Krusza Zamkowa at 3730±60 (pit 311) and 3615+100 (pit 576), but also at 3380+65 (pit 392) and in Koscielec Kujawski at 3447+180, the middle phase dated in Broniewice 1 pit 18 to 3110+60, till the late phase when chronological indicators occur marking the turn of the IV and III millenium BC (Czerniak 1980). The early and middle phases of the Brzeác Kujawski group developed, then, during the Unpainted Lengyel culture, whereas the late phase coincides with the Polgár influences in Little Poland and Late Polgar301