Istvánovits Eszter (szerk.): A nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve 56. (Nyíregyháza, 2014)

Régészet - Gulyás Gyöngyi: Késő szarmata temetőrészletek Óföldeák-Ürmös II. lelőhelyen (M43-as autópálya 10. lelőhely)

Késő szarmata temetőrészletek Óföldeák-Ürmös П. lelőhelyen

waist fossilised remains of a 3 cm wide leather belt were traced up to the left elbow, in a 20 cm long section (Tab. XXVIII: 2). In this grave there were bronze belt fittings, in another one lead ones (Tab. XXIX: 2, Tab. XXX: 6, 9). In half of the female burials we discovered beads decorating the lower part of the dress. Judging from the situation of the beads found at the feet, we have to think of a skirt only in one case, in the rest of the graves the presence of trousers may be suggested.

Male costume. Out of 17 graves we found brooches in 8 male burials. These were also one- and two-piece brooches with inverted foot (e.g. Tab. X: 6, Tab. XXVI: 9, Tab. XXX: 1). In the majority of male graves we found belt buckles mainly of two variants: simple, ovoid buckles with the throng bending onto the frame and two-piece buckles with plate body (e.g. Tab. Ill: 3, Tab. IV: 2-3, Tab. V: 5, Tab. XXVI: 10, Tab. XXX: 4). In one of the graves, at the interior side of the left ankle, close to the NW side of the grave we found fittings cut out of bronze plate; these could have been parts of the shoe strap (Tab. XXX: 2-3).

Personal articles. We found single-edged iron knives with mid-situated hilt in the graves of 9 men, 3 women and 3 children. Iron awl came to light only in one burial (Tab. XXXI: 3). Only in 3 female graves spindle whorls or discs were found (Tab. XIII: 5, Tab. XXXII: 10, Tab. XXXIV: 2). In grave SNR 221 at the feet we discovered a bronze mirror placed onto a wooden jar containing blue paint (Tab. XXVII: 6, Tab. XXIX: 1).

There were Roman coins in 6 graves, among them in 3 cases it could be suggested that they were kept in purse hanging from the belt of the dead.

Vessels. According to Sarmatian tradition whole or broken vessels were found usually tumbled on their side between the ankles, at the end of the feet or next to one of the feet. All of them were placed originally vertically, standing on the bottom, except for the piece in grave SNR 220 that was placed between the feet upside down. There were pots in 22 graves and from the fill of further 6 graves fragments of vessels came to light, probably as a result of looting, so they can be evaluated as secondary finds (Fig. 6). In grave SNR 262, 2 clay vessels were placed. Only 2 of the vessels found in the cemetery were hand-made (Tab. XX: 2, Tab. XXXV: 5), the rest was wheelthrown, worn and unvarnished. On the basis of their shape wheel-thrown vessels can be classified into 5 types. Type 1 includes vessels with spherical body, that, based on their shape, can be put into further 4 subtypes (e.g. Tab. X: 7, Tab. XIII: 4, Tab. XX: 4, Tab. XXVII: 2). Type 2 comprises bowls with thick-lipped rim, hemispherical body and straight cut bottom (Tab. XV: 4, Tab. XVII1: 9, Tab. XXXIV: 3). Type 3 is represented by beakers with conical walls gradually widening towards the rim and with straight cut bottom (Tab. XVII: 2, Tab. XXXI: 2). Type 4 includes mugs with one handle, rounded rim, pear-shaped body and straight cut bottoms. They have two subtypes (Tab. XII: 7, Tab. XXI: 2, Tab. XXXII: 2, Tab. XXXIII: 4). Type 5 includes jugs with spout tube (Tab. V: 2, Tab. VI: 5). The hemisphere shaped bowl from grave SNR 200 could not be classified into any of the types (Tab. XXII: 6).

Glass vessels or their fragments came to light from 4 graves, among them a Kowalk type beaker (Tab. XXVIII: 9). In grave SNR 176 a wheel-thrown vessel was placed beside the glass vessel. In one of the graves there were fragments of a bronze fitting once decorating the rim of a wooden vessel beside a wheel-thrown pot (Tab. XIII: 6).

On the basis of the find material and its parallels, graves can be dated to the second half of the 4th - first half of the 5"’ century. Some types of objects point to Late Roman trade relations, while others clearly refer to the Pontic region and to the Marosszentanna/Säntana de Mure§-Cherniakhov and Przeworsk Cultures.

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