Istvánovits Eszter (szerk.): A nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve 55. (Nyíregyháza, 2013)
A 2010. október 11-14. között Nyíregyházán és Szatmárnémetiben megtartott Vándorló és letelepült barbárok a kárpáti régióban és a szomszédos területeken (I-V. század) Új leletek, új értelmezések című nemzetközi régészeti konferencia anyagai - Marcin Biborski - Piotr Kaczanowski: Mágikus kardcsüngők
The Huns on Polish lands — an attempt to summarise Jakuszowice burial belongs to a high-ranking member of the local elite, perhaps a chief of the local centre to which the settlement discovered at Jakuszowice belonged. Of particular importance for understanding the relations between this elite and the Hunnic power structure is a ceremonial, symbolic, gold-covered reflex bow discovered in the grave. According to some scholars (cf. Godlowski 1985. 155) its presence allows including the deceased among the people that Priscus called 7ogades’, who ranked very high in the hierarchy of the poliethnic Hunnic state. The ‘logades’ comprised representatives of the elites of various ethnic groups subordinated to the Huns, including the Germans (Altheim 1975. 280-283, Wenskus 1973. 468, Pohl 2002. 112, Tyszkiewicz 2004. 124, cf. also IsTVÁNOViTS—Kulcsár 2006.). However, there is some doubt as to whether the term ‘logades ’ appropriately describes the position of the man buried at Jakuszowice and if he can be linked with the group of nobles occupying the highest positions at the court of Hunnic rulers, such as Onegesius (who took care of Attila’s oldest son) or other court officials with no territorial power, often mentioned by Priscus (Fragmenta 8). Moreover, Priscus’ accounts describe the situation at the time of his stay at the court in 449, in the heyday of the centralised state under the authoritarian rule of Attila. The power structure could have been different in the previous period, before the centralised rule encompassed various groups of the Huns in the times of Ruas (Heather 2010. 377ff). However, one cannot exclude the possibility that the individual from Jakuszowice might have stayed in the sphere of Hunnic influences as a representative of the local elite from the borderlands of the Hunnic empire. According to some opinions, the ceremonial, symbolic bow from Jakuszowice suggests that the settlement cluster existing in the early phase of the M igration Period in the western part of Lesser Poland was to some degree related with the Huns or even subordinated to them (Godlowski 1985. 155, Maczynska 2005. 157). The same has been proposed for Lower Silesia, for settlement in the Bystrzyce-Ofawa region (Godlowski 1985. 155, Lowmianski 1963. 273, footnote 833). It has been even proposed that a Hunnic ‘enclave’ existed on the Upper Vistula or that this area was ‘occupied’ by the Huns (Tejral 2000. 161). It is not possible to reconstruct the character of the relations, or the extent of control that the Huns may have exercised over the community led by the deceased from Jakuszowice or his family. Apart from the ‘Hunnic’ connections suggested by the precious symbolic bow, the relations between Western Lesser Poland and the Huns may be deduced from the inflow, in the first half of the 5th century, of gold coins to the territory north of the Carpatians, in particular on the Upper Vistula (Godlowski 1985. 155, Tejral 2000. 160, Bodzek 2009. 175). From this area comes the hoard of gold solidi discovered at Witów, consisting of probably 11 coins of Theodosius II and Valentinian III (Kunisz 1985. 245-246, Kaczanowski-Margos 2002. 346). However, assuming that this inflow was directly connected, including Western Lesser Poland, within the orbit of a large, poliethnic state led by the Huns, it is nevertheless hard to imagine that the contacts with the Huns, or maybe even the subordination to them, were particularly painful for the Przeworsk Culture groups living on the Upper Vistula in the first half of the 5th century. Such an interpretation of the solidi inflow to Lesser Poland suggests that they reflect slightly later contacts than those manifested by the Jakuszowice burial. It is indicated by the structure of these finds (Bodzek 2009. 175). To some extent, this hypothesis is also supported by written accounts which notice a Fig. 11 Podfoziny, Poznan district (after Makiewicz 2003.) 11. kép Podfoziny, Poznan járás (Makiewicz 2003. alapján) 443
