Istvánovits Eszter (szerk.): A nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve 55. (Nyíregyháza, 2013)
A 2010. október 11-14. között Nyíregyházán és Szatmárnémetiben megtartott Vándorló és letelepült barbárok a kárpáti régióban és a szomszédos területeken (I-V. század) Új leletek, új értelmezések című nemzetközi régészeti konferencia anyagai - Marcin Biborski - Piotr Kaczanowski: Mágikus kardcsüngők
The Huns on Polish lands — an attempt to summarise Kaczanowski-Rodzinska-Nowak 201 0a). As already mentioned, there is no evidence for direct contacts with the Hunnic environment. One should take into consideration, however, that the occupational layers connected with the early phase of the Migration Period were significantly damaged and that the excavations covered little more than 2% of the estimated area of the site (Rodzinska-Nowak 2006. 13, 169-200., Kaczanowski-Rodzinska-Nowak 2008. 183). The burial from Jakuszowice is not the only Przeworsk Culture grave to reveal connections with the nomadic environment in the early phase of the Migration Period. In 1912 the discovery of a skeleton burial of a warrior from Przemgczany (Fig. 6), again from western Lesser Poland (Wawrzeniecki 1912. 50, Pl. XVIII: 1) was published. The deceased was characterised by his skull which was deformed in a way typical of nomadic milieu (cf. Werner 1956., Teschler-Nicola-Mitteröcker 2007. 273). In addition, a short single edged sword of the seax type discovered in this grave is also untypical of the Przeworsk Culture. The burial inventory also comprised a gold earring that may suggest connections with the Hunnic environment (Godlowski 1995. 161-162, Fig. 13). An undoubtedly Hunnic attribution should be accepted for the assemblage (Fig. 7) discovered at fr'drzychowice (Höckricht), previously interpreted as a grave inventory but now considered to have had a votive character (Totenopfer) (Krause 1904., Werner 1956., 58, 123, PI. 26, 64, Godlowski 1986. 104, Godlowski 1995. 155, Bóna 1991. 140fT, Tejral 2000. 157, 161, Fig. 4). It includes a typical Hunnic cauldron (Krause 1904. Fig. 12), described by J. Werner as the Höckricht type (Werner 1956. 53). The cauldron refers by its simple attachments to similar vessels known, among other places, from Olbia and was included into the Osoka type (cf. Tejral 2000. 157, Koch 2007. 289., Rajtár-Zábojnik 2010. 120). Nomadic connections are also indicated by polychrome style ornaments discovered together with the cauldron (Krause 1904. 2, 4-9, Godlowski 1995. 162). A fragment of another Hunnic cauldron was found at Razová, near Homy Benesov, Bruntál district (Fig. 8) and at Lichnov, Bruntál district (Fig. 9), in the Opava region, close to the Polish border, in the Czech Rebublic. Most likely, these finds also have a votive character as indicated by traces of fire (Bóna 1991. 144, Tejral 2000. with older literature, Attila und die Hunnen 2007, 114, Bríza-Janáková 2010.). Other finds of this type from Europe are clustered in the Carpathian Basin and on the Lower Danube (Koch 2007. 287, 290-291), where they occur in burials, votive sites (‘Totenopfem’) and in other contexts, including Roman army camps (Bóna 1991. 144, Koch 2007., Rajtár-Zábojnik 2010. Fig. 1). The above-mentioned specimens from J^drzychowice and from the vicinity of Opava are the three northernmost finds of the discussed artefacts. Another proof of contact between the Przeworsk Culture population and the Hunnic environment are artefacts discovered in the settlement at Swilcza near Rzeszów (Fig. 10). These are two earrings of typically Hunnic form, of which one is made of gold and another of bronze (Gruszczynska 1999. 296). They were part of a hoard that comprised, among other ornaments, silver fibulae of the Wiesbaden and Niemberg types and ten denarii from the 2nd century (Gruszczynska 1999. 297, Fig. 19). The hoard has been dated dendrochronologically to 433 +10 AD, a date which agrees with the results of stylistic studies (Gruszczynska 1999. 299, Godlowski 1985. 118, Godlowski 1995. 162, 164, footnote 87, Fig. 14). The northernmost find attributed to the Przeworsk Culture that can be regarded as a trace of connections with the Hunnic environment is an iron loop-shaped buckle from the settlement at Podloziny Site 5, Poznan district, in Greater Poland (Fig. 11). It comes from a destroyed Roman Period pit which yielded no other artefacts contemporary with the aforementioned buckle (Makiewicz 2003. Fig. 3: 13). Regardless of the scanty historical data and sparse archaeological record, some studies dealing with the history of the Huns not only mention their military expansion to the Oder and Vistula 437
