Istvánovits Eszter (szerk.): A nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve 55. (Nyíregyháza, 2013)

A 2010. október 11-14. között Nyíregyházán és Szatmárnémetiben megtartott Vándorló és letelepült barbárok a kárpáti régióban és a szomszédos területeken (I-V. század) Új leletek, új értelmezések című nemzetközi régészeti konferencia anyagai - Marcin Biborski - Piotr Kaczanowski: Mágikus kardcsüngők

The Huns on Polish lands — an attempt to summarise

1959., Godlowski 1995. 155, Attila und die Hunnen 2007. 268-269, Kaczanowski-Rodzinska- Nowak 2010a. Fig. 2-3). Of particular importance among these findings are fragments of thin golden foil - the fittings of a symbolic reflex bow (Fig. 3: 1) (Bóna 1991. 135, Fig. 54, Godlowski 1995.). This artefact has clear connections with the Hunnic environment (Zurowski 1921. 176, 179,

Zurowski 1924-1925. 332, Äberg 1936., László 1951., Harmatta 1951. 107-151., Werner 1956.

82-95., Bóna 1991., Godlowski 1995. 155-156). With the nomads, most likely the Huns, should also be linked artefacts decorated in polychrome style mentioned above and a silver loop-shaped buckle (Godlowski 1986., 103, Godlowski 1995. 155, Fig. 1—4). In the inventory of the Jakuszowice grave there are artefacts that represent another cultural circle, too. These are objects with decoration typical for the Untersiebenbrunn-Sösdala horizon, such as some of the mentioned belt elements and parts of horse bridle (Godlowski 1995. 156, Fig. 4).

The grave from Jakuszowice also differs from typical Przeworsk Culture burials of that time by other features. In addition to its lavish grave-goods, the presence of the gold fittings of a symbolic reflex bow and the presence of numerous objects in polychrome and Untersiebenbrunn- Sösdala styles, it is also distinguished by its construction (6 m deep), the inhumation burial rite, and deposition of a horse to the grave pit. In the early phase of the Migration Period there is no other burial within the Przeworsk Culture range which is equal or even comparable to in terms of the lavishness and character of the inventory. What is more, such splendid and similarly dated graves are also almost unknown in other cultural areas of Central European Barbaricum outside the regions directly influenced by the Hunnic state, the only exception being the burial discovered at Poprad-Matejovce in Slovakia, attributed to the North Carpathian Group (Pieta-Roth 2007.). In addition, finds of horse remains in the Przeworsk Culture burials are rare (cf. Baranowski 1973. 399, Kaczanowski- Rodzinska-Nowak 2009.)2. Apart from Jakuszowice, only the burial of a warrior with horse discovered at Lugi, Gora district comes from the early phase of the Migration Period (Petersen 1932.

154-159). Another characteristic trait of the Jakuszowice burial is the fact that the deceased was interred unburned, a rite seldom observed in the Przeworsk Culture sepulchral sites.

However, a large nearby settlement at Jakuszowice (Site 2) with which the deceased was most likely connected yielded no traces of connections with the Hunnic milieu. The youngest horizon of the settlement should be dated, like the grave, to the early phase of the Migration Period. Due to rich archaeological material, traces of various craftsmanship, and numerous Roman imports discovered in the settlement (Godlowski 1986.120; Godlowski 1991,664,670., Godlowski 1995,158, Kaczanowski-Rodzinska-Nowak 2000., Kaczanowski-Margos 2002. 72-76), especially coins (Morawiecki 1984., Kunisz 1985., Bursche 1997a., Bursche 1997b., Bursche et al. 2000.), the Jakuszowice settlement is presumed in the literature to have played a particular role in the settlement structures of the Przeworsk Culture in Late Antiquity. The site has even been compared to ceremonial centres of power described as ‘ports of trade’ or ‘central places’, such as Gudme in Fionia, Sorte Múld in Bornholm or Uppákra in Scania (cf. Godlowski 1985. 155, Godlowski 1995., Bursche 1998.

205, footnote 10, Kaczanowski-Rodzinska-Nowak 2008. 183, Kaczanowski-Rodzinska-Nowak 2010a., Kaczanowski-Rodzinska-Nowak 2010b., Lund Hansen 2009. 83). Such an interpretation of the role played by the Jakuszowice settlement is supported by the presence of artefacts which testify to multidirectional contacts with other cultural areas, including those situated in the Middle Danube Basin (Godlowski 1995. 160, Rodzinska-Nowak 2001., Rodzinska-Nowak 2006.240-241, Kaczanowski-Rodzinska-Nowak 2000., Kaczanowski-Rodzinska-Nowak 2008. 182, 184-185,

2 One can mention here only grave 22 in the cremation cemetery at Grzybów, Staszów district, dated to phase B2 of the Early Roman Period, where unbumed horse remains and fragments of a horse bridle were found (Garbacz-Garbacz 1990., Garbacz 2000. 47, 135, Pl. XXXVII: 3).

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