A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum évkönyve 37-38. - 1995-1996 (Nyíregyháza, 1997)

Régészet - Josyp Kobal’: Preliminary report on the results of archaeological research on the multi-level fortified settlement of „Chitattia” (near Solotvino/Aknaszlatina, Transcarpathian region, Ukraine) by the Expedition of the Transcarpathian Museum of Local History

Josyp Kobal layer of the Dacián horizon of the Solotvino fortified settlement, was able to remain independent (CRISAN 1971.548.Abb.l, NICULITE 1987.183-184.). As the finds and observations on the character of the cultural level show, the settlement represented by the lower level of the Dacián horizon was destroyed in a fire (remains of a house - pit 4 with burned walls and deformed, burnt ceramics). Life at the settlement resumed relatively quickly. Pits with bones and other features were filled with a 10-15 cm thick layer of subsoil clay, that could be clearly followed in squares 15 and 16. The new population, judging from finds, were the same Dacians. The ceramic production of this time was more developed: new forms appeared, old ones disappeared. But the percentage of handmade and wheel-made vessels remained the same. As before, there are only a small number of Celtic vessels or copies of them. A small fragment of graphite comes from this level. In the same place, we found fragments of a millstone, a blade from an iron knife (Pi. XX.

6), a casting mould for a bronze fitting (Pl. XX.7) and iron waste. All these finds reflect developed craft traditions in population of the fortified settlement at Solotvino. A very interesting find is a pot with handles decorated with a relief image of a fish (Pi. XIX) looking like a sterlet [Acipenser ruthenus (Linne)]. It is known that this fish species even today exists in the Tisza river up to Hust/Huszt (KOLIUSHEV 1949.17.). This fish is of industrial significance because of its meat and caviar. It is possible that the vessel was connected to the storage of fish or caviar. The second layer of the Dacián horizon of „Chitattia" can be compared to the IHrd phase of the development of Daco-Getian ceramics (by Crisan), that is, the classical stage of the development of the Dacián culture. Certain ceramic forms found here survive until the beginning of the 2nd century A.D. (NICULITE 1987.213.). In a preliminary analysis, the end of life at the settlement can be placed at the end of the 1st - beginning of 2nd centuries A.D. However, the final answer will only be provided by further research. In any case, salt production in Solotvino did not come to an end. Finds of coins from the 4th century show that life continued here even after the destruction of the fortified settlement (BRAICHEVSKI 1959.136.). The latest horizon at the fortified settlement in Solotvino is represented by a Slavic(?) Early Medieval feature of cultic character which is not unusual at contemporary settlements. These finds shed light on the historical conditions and development of the Medieval settlement at Solotvino. It is possible that the salt production by the Slavic population in the Early Middle Ages provided a basis for the appearance of the historical Solotvino that was first mentioned in Medieval documents (MIHÁLYI 1900.). Summarizing our observations, we can conclude that the results of the excavations of the Transcarpathian Museum of Local Histoiy, conducted in 1991-1993 at the fortified settlement of „Chitattia" near Solotvino, have significantly enriched the information available to us on the history of the population of the mountainous territories of the Upper Tisza region (Máramaros/Maramures) and made it possible to revise the concept, now accepted (KOTIGOROSHKO 1989., KOTIGOROSHKO 1991/A, KOTIGOROSKO 1991/B.), concerning the populating of the Upper Tisza region by a Dacián ethnic element. In the light of these finds, the appearance of early Dacián ethnic elements in this region must be placed at least to the Middle La Тёпе. By this period there a sharp border had been drawn between the Celtic and Dacián ethnic substratum. This border continued our territory in the vicinity of Huszt Gate (Hustskie vorota) (Fig. 5). It was preseived for a long time, as supported by the situation of the fortified settlement in Malaia Kopania, founded sometime in the middle of the 1st century B.C. (KOTIGOROSHKO 1989.49.). Later, in Roman times, the Máramaros/Maramures remained the territory where the development of Dacián tribes continued (Culture of Carpathian Barrows), whereas west of diese territories, the appearance of GermanicVandals may be observed (KOBAL' 1991.124-125.). We hope that future research at the Solotvino fortified settlement will provide us with many new and important data on the history of this interesting corner of the Carpathian Basin. Reference BADER 1978. T. Bader: Epoca bronzului ín nord-vestul Transilvaniei. Bucuresti 1978. BADER 1979. T. Bader: Die Suciu de Sus-Kultur in Nordwestrumänien. PZ 54.1979.3-31. BALAHURI 1974 E. A. Ila.iarypi: Do питания про досмджпшл пам'нток iii;iiii.()5|)()ii:t()iioi" доПи у Виноград!пс.ькому район! Закариатс.ько'Г область Чотодичиий посдбник для студои'пЬ археологи. Ужгород 1

974.25-47. BERCIU 1981. D. Berciu: Buribava dacica. Bucuresti 1981. BÉRES 1987. J. Béres: Slovansky sídliskovy objekt vo ValalikochVsechsvätych. Historíca Carpatica 18.1987.263-273. BERNIAKOVICH 1957. K.IL Гюрнякович: Дроштс.лавянс.кж; памятники .Закарпатской области (СССР). [Altslawische Denkmäler der Karpatenukraine (SSSR). Staroslovanské pamiatky v Zakarpatskej oblasti (SSSR).] SLA 5.1957.435-455. BRAICHEVSKI 1959. VI.K). 1)райчеш;|.кий: Римс.ька монета па Украпп. Кип? 1

959. BUDINSKY-KRICKA 1958. V. Budinsky-Kricka: Slovanské mohyly na vychodnom Slovensku. [Slawische Hügelgräber in der Ostslowakei.] SlA 6.1958.138-205. CARDFILE The cardfile of the Department of Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments in the Transcarpathian Museum of Local History. Archaeology. Passport N. 92. CHOCHOROWSKI 1985. < J. Chochorowski: Die Vekerzug-Kultur. Charakteristik der Funde. Warszawa-Kraków 1985. CRISAN 1968. LH. Crisan: Ceramica daco-geticä. Ed. Meridiane, Bucuresti 1968. CRISAN 1971. LH. Crisan: Das Keltenproblem in Siebenbürgen. AR 23/5.1971.548-558. 126 A Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve 1997