Fiatal középkoros régészek IV. konferenciája. Tanulmánykötet (Kaposvár, 2013)
Pető Zsuzsa Eszter: A bódvaszilasi templomerődítés kutatása
122 PETŐ ZSUZSA ESZTER A fal egykori fázisainak rekonstruálása alapján úgy tűnik, hogy további két erődítés építése is megalapozott lehetett a hatszögletű fal minden második csúcsánál. A struktúra párhuzamait az alföldi és zempléni hajdú templomerődítések között találjuk meg, amelyek főleg a 16-17. század során épültek ki. Egy 1721-ben, Esterházy József Antal halálakor készült inventárium szól a hajdúk régi házáról. Ez az adat, a fal párhuzamaival együtt, erős bizonyíték lehet arra nézve, hogy a körítőfal építése a hajdú katonák szilasi állomásozásához köthető, ami nagyjából Szádvár felszámolásának idejében lehetett. A 18. század során az Esterházy uradalom székhelyévé vált Bódvaszilas, amelynek következtében nagyobb építkezések folytak a templom területéhez kapcsolódóan is. A funkcióját vesztett körítőfalhoz gazdasági épületeket illesztettek - amelyek alapjait a feltárások során azonosítottuk, - valamint a barokk templomot is ekkor emelték. A középkori templom létére egyértelmű régészeti bizonyíték nem áll rendelkezésre még, a körítőfal alatt talált falalapozások - a terepviszonyok figyelembevételével - csak kérdőjelesen azonosíthatóak a régi egyház részeként (5. kép). Bódvaszilas története érdekes eleme a helytörténeti kutatásoknak, a tágabb történeti kontextusban történő vizsgálata pedig tovább árnyalja a régió középkorban, kora újkorban és újkorban létező politikai és gazdasági struktúráinak változását. Researches on the fortified wall around the church at Bódvaszilas ZSUZSA ESZTER PETŐ Bódvaszilas is situated in the North-East of Hungary; it was the part of the historical, Torna county, which was a royal comitatus from the Arpadian era. The first, partial archaeological results near from the baroque parochial church and its round fortified wall (Picture 1) were compared with the known historical sources; therefore further approaches expanded the history of Bódvaszilas. Primary historical sources do not give any proof information concerning the medieval church; only three charters mention Bódvaszilas as a property of Szádvár Estate in the second half of the thirteenth century (first in 1283) and in the fifteenth century (Picture 2). Through Medieval and Early Modern times, the history of Bódvaszilas is strongly connected to Szádvár, which was the center of the estate and nowadays it is one of the largest fortifications of Hungary. It was destructed and eliminated in 1686, a few years before the beginning of the high noble Esterházy family's possession. Later on, from the second half of the eighteenth century, rich sources available about the Esterházy Estate; clerical sources give information about the destruction of the medieval church; as a document says, only its sanctuary had survived. In the summer of 2010, during the first archaeological research around the parochial church, - which was related to the renovation of the church garden, - a hexagonal, post-medieval fortified wall was identified (Picture 3). It has one visible defense on the North side, which is a quadratic projection with two loopholes both in the Eastern and Western wall (Picture 4). Trenches were opened inside and next to the defense structure and also on the Eastern, South-Eastern area, next to the outer side of the fortified wall. The ideal reconstruction of the post-medieval wall-system and the surrounding terrain shows that there could be two more defenses on each angle of the hexagonal wall. There is a close architectural relationship between the analyzed walls of Bódvaszilas and the fortified churches of the Alföld and Zemplén region, where the"hajdú"soldiers had lived in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Also an inventory of the building-complex at Bódvaszilas is available, which was written in 1721, just after the death of prince József Antal Esterházy. This catalogue mentions the old house of the hajdú soldiers. Therefore, based on the known formally both functionally parallel walls and historical sources, it seems obvious to regard the hajdú soldiers as the constructors of the fortified wall at Bódvaszilas. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, during the possession of the Esterházy family, Bódvaszilas had become the center of their lordship; thus continuous re-buildings and constructions were made near the fortified wall. Agronomical buildings were built up and attached to the outer side of the unfunctional fortified wall; the bases of these buildings were also found at the time of the archaeological investigations. Both the wall and the baroque church were built out in this century, just as they can be seen in nowadays. There is no certain archaeological evidence of the medieval church but there is evidence for previous structures, built before the fortified wall; however it can be hardly identified clearly (Picture 5). The terrain pattern gives just a weak point to determine those basements as the medieval church. Bódvaszilas is an interesting piece of a local history developed and investigated within a wider historical phenomenon. Mainly Post-modern and Early Modern architectural elements revealed, but compared them with written and pictorial sources, - and focused on a wider context, - a changing settlement hierarchy displayed.
