Ábrahám Levente (szerk.): Válogatott tanulmányok 13. - Natura Somogyiensis 28. / Miscellanea 13. (Kaposvár, 2016)
Sándor A.–Csikász T-Farkas S.–Rácz T.–Sárospataki M.: Preliminary semi-field study ont he effect of the neonicotinoid containing seed dressings to honeybees as pollinator in sunflower
SÁNDOR ET AL.: SEMI-FIELD STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF THE NEONICOTINOID 35 since the agents weaken their immune system. The plant-protection products are primarily exposed to the worker bees (Sanford. 2003). Visual memorization of the landmarks is essential for spatial orientation of the pollinators. Bees use landmarks to find a source of food and to be able to provide information to the other members of the colony which direction and how far can it reach (Von Frish 1967). After feeding in a pesticide-treated fields can inaccurately determine the location of the food source (6 ppb enough to mess them up (Colin et al. 2004), possibly they integrate the landmark and getting lost. Pesticides may affect the accuracy of the hidden information of the hive returning bee’s dance. The direct intoxication symptoms are: Uncoordinated - and uncontrolled movements (Brunner et al. 2001, Singh et al. 2004.), trembling, shaking, tumbling, flexion of the abdomen and / or rotation of the abdomen and cleaning, while the legs in the back rubs (Suchail et al. 2001), inability to maintain the correct posture and rotation in lying position (Laurino et al. 2010). Sensory disturbance are developed secondary (Kirschner et al. 1998, Salerno et al. 2002). Our study served the preliminary mapping of the above mentioned phenomenon. Its aim was the detection of the residues the most commonly used neonicotinoid seed treatment of sunflower's from beekeeping aspect, in semi-field conditions. Material and methods The measurements were carried out in 2013 in the Forage Crops Research Institute of the Kaposvár University on isolator net tent grown sunflower pollinated by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Iregszemcse. For the experiment we used fungicide (Apron XL 350 FS) and insecticide (Cruiser 350 FS) treated seeds. Sunflower seeds were dressed with Niklas type dressing machine by the permitted quantity of seed treatment, then sown it. MTZ 82 and Accord Optima pneumatic planter was used by sowing. The row distance we used was 71 cm and the plant-to-plant distance 24.9 cm. Dressed seeds were planted to 6*45 meter isolator tents. The experiment was designed two sowing time (tent No. 1-22, tent No. 23-33). The net-isolated tents were set approx. 2 weeks before the flowering time. These are able to protect against the weather and the bees’ migration as well. To ensure the fabric of the tents we used rigging and grounding by the edges of net. Bees came in traditional Zander-type hives approx, at the 25% flowering time (when 25% of the flowers are open) into the tents. Dead bees were counted individually five times (07.12; 07.19; 07.25; 08.02.; 08.09) with surgical tweezers into screw-top jar. Received data were summarized tent-wise. It was recorded the fertilization and the seed binding too, which showed how „liked” bees that seed treatment, compared with previous results of literary studies. Analytical samples have not taken place during the examination. For technical reasons, we were able to collect samples only the tents, where the hives were situated to the south side (odd numbered tents). The statistical analysis of the resulting data sets (Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Anova, Anova with Tukey Contrasts, Regression and Pearson's product-moment correlation) was carried out with Microsoft Excel and R. The results were analysed separately according sowing times (tent No. 1-21; tent No. 23-33). During the analysis we were looking for a difference between the sowing dates and the genotypes used (tent pairs) as well. We calculated with the averages of the data series. In the second sowing time (tent No. 23-33.) it was used bees treated against Nosema. The testing of the dead bees for the parasites was done by the Institute of Apiculture and Bee Biology in Gödöllő.
