Majorossy Judit: A Ferenczy Múzeum régészeti gyűjteményei - A Ferenczy Múzeum kiadványai, D. sorozat: Múzeumi füzetek - Kiállításvezetők 5. (Szentendre, 2014)
Dr. Ottomány Katalin: Rómaiak kora
Their open air sites were situated by the banks of streams (Pilisvörösvár, Solymár, Csobánka, Pomáz) or on the riverside of the Danube (Budakalász, Dunabogdány, Leányfalu, Szentendre, Tahitótfalu, Szigetmonostor). The Celts lived in farmsteads consisting of some houses or in larger villages. In Szentendre on the territory of the Cement Factory Sándor Soproni excavated some houses of such type of a settlement with its adjoining storage pits. During the construction of MO highway and ring-road around Budapest, about 20 objects were uncovered on the bank of the River Danube at Budakalász, which could be dated to the late Celtic phase. The most often used type of house was the rectangular, roundcornered, semi-subterranean house with Early Iron Age antecedents. At each narrower ends a posthole indicated the place of the prop supporting the gable roof. The smaller postholes by the longer sides, on the other hand, indicated the vertical wickerwork daubed with clay. The bottom of the house was a stamped clay floor. This type of house survived even in the Roman Age. The characteristics of the Celtic houses were the fireplace in the middle or at the corner of the house, the working pits and the berms. The round, subterranean pit houses with plastered floor and stairs, with an oven sunk into the wall, and a small fireplace inside were also common. At the entrance the canopy was held by posts, the roof of the pit leaned on the surface or maybe on a vertical wattle-and-daub wall. Spindle-whorls indicating handicraft, whetstone and a two-part mill introduced by the Celts were unearthed at settlements of Szentendre and Budakalász. The majority of the findings excavated at these settlements are ceramics. Wheel-made pottery appeared in the Carpathian Basin in the Iron Age. Although the potter’s wheel was already known by the Scythians, the majority of their pots were hand-made. The Celts started the mass production of vessels. They threw elaborated, light grey jars, bowls, storage vessels, graphitic pots, with various decorations (stamped decoration, burnishing, and brushed ornaments), with special handle-forms (that can be seen on the Taksony urn). Around the end of the Celtic era vessels painted in streaks had also appeared among the fine ware, which were produced in the hill forts (in the oppida). In the Celtic period metallurgy, the craft of bronze and iron moulding reached a high-level of development. Various Díszített gyöngyök / Ornamented beads Combinations of tendrils, palmettes, masks and animals can be observed on their metalwork (incised scabbards, spears, fibulas, anthropomorphic daggers, and so on). Among the peoples of the Carpathian Basin the Celts were the first, who made and used coins made of precious metal. On their early coins the impact of the Greek prototypes can be easily recognized (near Vác, the second part of the 3rd century B.C.). On their later coins the signs of these Greek prototypes vanished, and special Celtic motifs (symbols of horse, sun) appeared (Tahitótfalu, at the end of the 2nd century - the beginning of the 1st century B.C.). The youngest Celtic groups of coins already imitated the coins of Rome, and they were used by the Eravisci tribe living in the Transdanubian part of Pest County (the end of the 1st century B.C. - the beginning of the 1st century A.D.) The mint could have been in the settlement at Tabán, because the coins appeared more densely near Aquincum (Biatorbágy, Budapest- Lágymányos, Százhalombatta, Érd, Budapest-Békásmegyer). The minters might have been chieftains or traders. With the prosperity of Roman trade in the middle and in the second half of the 1st century A.D. enough Roman coins were issued already, and this process had displaced the tribal mint. 36
