Rácz Tibor Ákos: A múltnak kútja. Fiatal középkoros regészek V. konferenciájának tanulmánykötete - A Ferenczy Múzeum kiadványai, A. sorozat: Monográfiák 3. (Szentendre, 2014)
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English Summaries András К. Németh Data to the Research of the Medieval Roads of Tolna County In the study, apart from an overview of the sources and a short historiographic introduction, the author aims at drawing the attention to a few medieval and Ottoman-age roads in Tolna County he has encountered with during his fieldworks (Fig. 1). Most of the examples are regional and local roads to which both historical and archaeological scholarship pays less attention. The church of the medieval village of Bat (Tengőd, Bati-ér) was identified at an exceptional location, at the verge of the northern shoulder of a steep vis-ä-vis comb to the village itself. Close to the church there is a hollow way starting from a stream and deepened into the environment almost 3—4 metres (Fig. 2). Few metres away from the site of the church of Görbő (Pincehely, Szentkúti-hegy) a gulch could be identified that was at certain points 15-20 metres wide and on the average approximately 10 metres deep which starts from the bank of the River Kapos and leads to a hollow way that is still in use (Table 1, Fig. 5). The author believes that this is a collapsed medieval road. North of the church of Biród (Gyulaj, Pogány-templom) an approximately 600-metre—long, moderately deepened, lost cart road has been identified (Table 1, Fig. 1). At two short sections of this road even the parallel traces are still to be seen. In some cases the tracks of the medieval roads could be recognized even in kilometres of length. Along the still used cart road that connects the market towns of Tamási and Ozora three church sites were discovered (Fig. 4). Close to Tamási an 8-10 metres wide and at certain points 4-5 metres deep cut section of the road has been abandoned (Fig. 5). The track of the road was shifted to the top of its eastern bank, to the verge of the plough land. A special kind of hollow way was identified at the southern borders of Magyaregregy. The old cart road that is deepened into the soft rock is hard to be dated (Table 1, Fig. 2), but the present-day name of the valley, namely Singödör, had only replaced the rather old historical name of Fonyászó at the beginning of the twentieth century, which may refer to the closeness of a medieval village with a similar name. On several eighteenth-nineteenth-century maps some roads can be discovered that were, even at that time, conceived as lost or abandoned. At the borders of the medieval village of Csérnél a map from 1783 marked an old road, a section of which is deepened eight metres to the earth and this is still used as a hollow way today (Fig. 6). Next to the church of Pél (Udvari, Péli-erdő) a map from 1801 shows a road that is though abandoned can be still identified (Table 1, Fig. 3). Based on the available old maps and certain aerial photographs this road can be traced at a section of 500-600 metres long (Fig. 7). At the foot of the church that was situated by a local stream a 15-20 metres long slopecut was spotted which might have led to the ford (Table 1, Fig. 4). At the borders of Törökkoppány, the former Ottoman sanjak centre there was a certain road called Csausz útja which is still used as a cart road, and on the basis that its name has the meaning “dispatch” in Turkish, it supposedly dates to the period of the Ottoman occupation (Fig. 8). A place called Recsef-horgos, west of Szászvár preserves the memory of a certain Ottoman soldier, Recsef, who was killed there and who is supposedly identical with the warrior mentioned in the epic poem of Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos who recorded the battle of Egyházaskozár in 1542 that happened a few kilometres from Recsef-horgos. A special group of medieval roads are the log-roads usually constructed in water-logged areas. In Simontornya in 2012, during the construction works of the public services a 60 metres long and approximately 140-180 centimetres deep road that was made of 80-100 centimetre-thick, quartered logs was excavated (Fig. 9). The length of the only intact log was almost 120 centimetres (Fig. 10). The road has been covered with planks which then had been fixed to the balks with pins. According to the dendrochronological analysis, the trees have been cut out in 1629 or during the following few years. In accordance with that, seventeenth—eighteenth-century finds were gathered from the superimposing layer (Fig. 11). Several modern sources up to the great water regulations frequently refer to the bridges at Simontornya which can be partially identified with this causeway. 457
