Majorossy Judit: Egy történelmi gyilkosság margójára. Merániai Gertrúd emlékezete, 1213 - 2013. Tanulmánykötet - A Ferenczy Múzeum kiadványai, A. sorozat: Monográfiák 2. (Szentendre, 2014)
IV. - Mielke, Christopher: Gertrúd királyné és kortársai anyagi kultúrája
Christopher Mielke: The Material Culture of Queen Gertrude and Her Contemporaries Seals The first queen of Hungary whose seal survives is that of Gertrude’s successor, Yolanda of Courtenay (b. 1197-1233, marriage 1215) from a document dated to 1226 (Figure 1); there is a sealing clause in a document of hers issued two years prior, though that seal does not survive.5 However, there are hints that earlier Hungarian queens would have been familiar with environments where women would seal. Margaret of France (b. 1158-1197, marriage 1186), second wife of Béla III (r. 1172-1196) was raised in an environment where Eleanor of Aquitaine (b. 1122-1204) would have frequently sealed.6 In one of Margaret’s charters from 1185 (before she was married to Béla III), there is no sealing clause, and while none of her other charters survive, she would have been familiar with queens sealing.7 Furthermore, when Andrew II was off fighting in Halich at the time of Queen Gertrude’s death (September 1213), the royal seal disappeared and a new one made its appearance shortly thereafter in 1214.8 One of the possibilities raised at the conference held in 2013 in Szentendre was that Queen Gertrude was holding the royal seal of Andrew II at the time and it disappeared in the aftermath of her murder. The seals of Hungarian queens tended to be round and feature the queen seated on a throne; it was like this for Yolanda and her successors until the end of the fourteenth century. From Yolanda onwards, the Hungarian queens’ seals took after the German examples and featured a round shape with the queen seated on a throne in the centre.This is generally in contrast to the seals of English and French queens which tended to be ovoid and featured the queen standing; these seals appeared earlier than the Hungarian ones (i.e. in the eleventh-twelve centuries) and were initially modelled after the seals of bishops.9 In the Holy Roman Empire, there is evidence for Kunigunde (cca. 975-1040), wife of Henry II sealing in the early eleventh century, but empresses begin to seal with regularity only towards the end of the twelfth century Уg*M1 I Йа" ró ItrnU" fficTlU'lS ■, - 'футl . 4. (p.\pr►mtf.rUttm рч.иу ,-fr c-u S&.ym) J«Vt Atvinqu $4 .4tav> kT'A "1 __ ____ ,1 ■ »T.-mhi-il''. -An Se1 " • ni-vt. • Лиi.yn'l' V'iv nui1 vtn te QiV.vtk ct-ntilvr.1 |v>íV,Mm (' "'Attii., curut* iitnPriiHi tM»rb hilirf,- y.iliiS -nemmitivis.-itn^tl'ííliDvif yínAiml J 1 rot'Amf(i>itn yfitílf fiireUiifilui 't I iíVMlff .un- b« Mvib к./ Sí n. i tttt'til 1.1JY,, 11. "'CítU flh l't|U"fll F'«t VA<t"A Sitpllttf ,,n "tnlnnilf ?7-о1упауч Ü-Miil tmm *шй íjLuiM (есют ,4 л11>Л). ■Fit* •.* i-____г. - л л_ШФШ* t «t PC.Wt Figure 1 Seal of Yolanda of Courtenay (1197-1233), the second wife of King Andrew II, from a charter dated to 1226 (MNL OL, DL 61126; drawing by the author) 5 1224: MNL OL, DL 24383; 1226: MNL OL, DL 61126. 6 Nolan 2009: 26. 7 Fejérpataky 1900: 349-351. 8 Takács 2012: 66. 9 Nolan 2009: 21-34. 206
