Balogh Zoltán – Fodor Miklós Zoltán (szerk.): Neograd 2013 - A Dornyay Béla Múzeum Évkönyve 37. (Salgótarján, 2014)
Irodalomtörténet - Gréczi-Zsoldos Enikő: Madách Imre és a frenológia
IRODALOMJEGYZÉK Andor Csaba-Leblancné Kelemen Mária (összeáll.): Madách Imre kéziratai és levelezése (katalógus). Petőfi Irodalmi Múzeum, Budapest, 1992 Fowler, 0. S. (editor and proprietor): The American Phrenological Journal and Miscellany. New York, 1843 Gréczi-Zsoldos Enikő: „retortán át bocsájtani” - Harsányi Zsoltnak a Madách-regény megírását megelőző levelezése. Salgótarján, 2012 Harsányi Zsolt: Adat Madáchról. In: Pesti Hirlap, 1932. április 17. Melléklet. Harsányi Zsolt: Ember, küzdj’... I-III. Budapest, 1932, Hl. 182 Kertész Gergely: Evolúció, intelligens tervezés, evidencia. In: Magyar Tudomány, 2008. december (http://www.matud.iif.hu/08dec/07.htm) Madách Aladár (ford.): A gyakorlati spiritualizmus védelme. (Alfred Russell Wallace munkája). Budapest, 1884: In: Tarjányi Eszter (szerk.): Madách Aladár művei II. Próza. Budapest, 2005 Máté Zsuzsanna: Madách Imre, a poéta philosophus. Tanulmányok Az ember tragédiája esztétikumáról. Miskolc, 2004 Révai Nagy Lexikona. VIII. kötet. Budapest, 1913 Salgó Sándor: Önismeret-emberismeret-frenológia. Szeged, 2001 IMRE MADÁCH AND THE PHRENOLOGY GRÉCZI-ZSOLDOS ENIKŐ I dissertate in my study about the phrenology (from Greek: phren, ’mind’ and logos ’knowledge’). The phrenology is a pseudosience prima rily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. Developed by physician Franz Joseph Gall in 1796, the discipline was very popular in the 19th century, especially from about 1810 until 1840. Through careful observation and extensive experimentation, Gall believed he had established a relationship between aspects of character, called faculties, to preciseorgans in the brain. The principal British centre for phrenology was Edinburgh, where the Edinbourgh Phrenological Society was established in 1820. Johann Spurzheim was Gall's most important collaborator. He worked as Gall's anatomist until 1813 when for unknown reasons they had a permanent falling out. Through the teachings of Gall and Spurzheim phrenological teachings spread, and by the 1834 when Combe came to lecture in the United States phrenology had become a widespread popular movement. Gall was more concerned with creating a physical science so it was through Spurzheim that phrenology was first spread throughout Europe and America. Phrenologists believed that the human mind has a set of different mental faculties, with each particular faculty represented in a different area of the brain. Imre Madách, the Hungarian writer, poet, lawyer and politician inquired in the phrenology. This theory affected on his main work, The Tragedy of Man. During the early 20th century, a revival of interest in phrenology occurred on the fringe, partly because of studies of evolution, criminology and antropology (as pursued by CesareLombroso). 246
