Tárnoki Judit szerk.: Tisicum - A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve 19. (2009)

Természettudomány és régészet - Alice M. Choyke - László Bartosiewicz - Telltale tools from a tell: Bone and antler manufacturing at Bronze Age Jászdózsa-Kápolnahalom, Hungary

Természettudomány és régészet Classic Hatvan Refuse % Tool % Late Hatvan Refuse % Tool % Koszider Refuse % Tool % Cattle 29.0 6.0 Cattle 37.9 6.0 Cattle 23.4 7.2 Sheep/goat 21.5 27.0 Sheep/goat 16.7 13.6 Sheep/goat 10.0 17 Pig 18.0 2.0 Pig 11.5 Pig 13.5 2.3 Horse 6.6 Horse 5.2 0.6 Horse 3.4 7.2 Dog 1.4 2.0 Dog 3.0 0.6 Dog 1.9 Aurochs 1.4 Aurochs 0.8 Aurochs 0.7 Red deer (tools w / & w/out antler) 15.7 63 & 15.7 Red deer (tools w/ & w/out antler) 20.4 67.3 & 20.4 Red deer (tools w/ & w/out antler) 38.8 63.1 & 38.8 Roe deer 1.2 Roe deer 1.3 1.8 Roe deer 1.4 Wild pig 4.5 Wild pig 2.9 1.8 Wild pig 5.2 Other wild 0.0 - Other wild 1.1 - Other wild 1.9 Table 2. Percentages of species in the refuse bone material, divided by phase at Jászdózsa-Kápolnahalom (after Choyke 2005,143). • Hatvan œ Hatvan-Füzesabony • Koszider Figure 9. Diachronic changes in the proportion of worked bone by animal species as expressed by Schibler's (1980) utilization factor. bases, the utilization factor is useful in studying the gross effects of availability within the raw material pool on bone manufacturing. The utilization factor values calculated for major animal species by chronological phases are shown in Figure 9, Table 2. Figure 9 shows that cattle, an animal of overwhelming importance in meat provisioning, contributed only relatively few worked pieces to the bone tool assemblage, especially in the later phases at the site. This is less surprising in the case of domestic and wild pig whose bones are seldom worked. Dog bones occur scarcely in the refuse bone assemblage but they are also rarely worked at this site with the exception of dog ulna awls. Caprine bones are of interest, as they were regularly turned into points. Skeletal elements of the otherwise infrequent horse are consistently turned into implements, showing that horse bone may have been a valued, ascribed special characteristics raw material related to beliefs about this species. Without distinguishing between bone and antler, the role of red deer in raw material provisioning is difficult to evaluate. It seems, however, that the presence of red deer remains in the refuse material of later periods increased at a greater rate than the contribution of this species to the worked bone assemblage. In contrast to the decline of utilization factor, values for red deer, roe deer seems more consistently represented during the later two periods. Three of the special tool categories, sheep/goat tibia scrapers, the broad mandible smoothers and the short bones with flattened sides remain remarkably stable in terms of their technical style throughout the sequence. Although, red deer bones contributed increasing amounts to the manufacture of the last two types, the choice of skeletal part, and style of manufacture remain largely identical within the sequence recalling the idea of social stability encouraged through habituation or habitus, familiarity and regularity mentioned earlier. This maintenance of social stability might have been particularly important during the Koszider period. Jászdózsa-Kápolnahalom is among the few sites where the sequence does not end abruptly after the Hatvan-Füzesabony culture. Clearly, these were particularly unstable times which resulted both in change and a stubborn insistence on traditional manufacturing behavior att he household level in the face ofthat change. Attitudes to tools - curation In keeping with the relative lack of care reflected in technical style apparent in most of the worked assemblage (c. f. Figure 2), the majority of the tools do not display any indication of curation, or else it is hard to recognize. At this site, antler burr and beam hammer/adzes tend to be re-drilled as the butt end breaks off as are the scraping edges of the sheep/goat tibia scrapers. The short bones with flattened sides display varying degrees of wear, suggesting their sides needed to be continuously re-ground to maintain the planes of the surface. The same may also be said for the mandible smoothers where the side facet widens as the tool was used and the facet continuously wore down. Awls, as opposed to earlier periods, are much less intensively curated. There is 367 I