Agria 37. (Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve - Annales Musei Agriensis, 2001)
Horváth László: A XX. századi Heves megyei kivándorlás alapvetése 1910-ig
von der Rentabilität seiner Investition überzeugt war. Die ersten attraktiven Dollarsendungen, die ersten Heimkehrenden tragen dann später zur Ausbreitung der Bewegung wesentlich bei. So sind unter den Dorfpionieren - außer den Abenteurern, den Zwangsauswanderern - auch die Kinder von wohlhabenden Bauern, Kleingrundbesitzern, Semihandwerkern- und Bauern zu finden. Der Zeitraum zwischen 1905 und 1909 kann mit allem Recht „die Zeit der Massen" genannt werden. 60-70% aller Auswanderer aus dem Komitat verließ die Munizipalbehörde innerhalb von knapp 5 Jahren. (Im Falle von einigen Siedlungen ist ein noch weit größerer Prozentteil festzustellen.) Dieser Zeitraum bedeutet auch in landesweiter Hinsicht einen Höhepunkt. Das 1909 in Kraft getretene Auswanderungsgesets erwies sich bezüglich der Auswanderung sowohl aus dem Land, als auch aus dem Komitat als eine überraschend gute Zeitenwende. 1910 begann in der Auswanderung aus dem Komitat Heves eine neue Epoche. László Horváth The Premises Behind the Emigrations from Heves County in the Period up to 1910 There had never been such a movement of people in Heves County as was the case at the beginning of the 20 th century since the expulsion of the Turks. The wave of emigration swept the whole country. In Heves County it accounted for vast sections of the peasant community. It was the First World War which probably brought an end to this substantial movement of people. This phenomenon did not effect the county's 115 villages and the two towns (Eger and Gyöngyös) in a uniform fashion. Right next to areas which were hardly effected, there were communities which were veritable emigration centres. It helped to create what was a far from uniform picture. It was just this contrast which has made the local research going on since 1988, all the more interesting. During the course of our analyses we have been able to find out what caused the emigrational centres to come into being, and what caused one element of the community to leave their village, their land and in many cases their family. Also we began to understand how emigration actually took place, who and why people decided to return, what they invested the money they saved in, and what effects this movement has had on people's attitudes and on the environment in which they live today. During the course of our work we have discovered that in the national studies working with huge amounts of data tend to be lacking in local detail. This is particularly the case in the analysis of the smaller abandoned landscapes, and in the examination of the mechanism of emigration itself as it occurred in any one settlement, with its family or family-organised migrationary features and its pioneers. It has to be acknowledged that this complex social phenomenon can only be examined using methods tools which go beyond those used by ethnographers. The author has attempted to do this in his study. With the help of the national micro case-studies which work from bottom to top, it is possible to build up a more complete picture of the emigrations which took place at the 335
