Agria 33. (Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve - Annales Musei Agriensis, 1997)

Bánffy Eszter–Bíró Katalin–Vaday Andrea: Újkőkori és rézkori telepnyomok Kompolt 15. sz. lelőhelyén

Eszter Bánffy - Katalin T. Bíró -Andrea. Vaday Neolithic and Chalcolithic Finds from Kompolt, Site Nr. 15. In the course of the M3 motorway project, a Sarmatian and Avarian settlement was excavated by Andrea Vaday, (Archaeological Institute HASc, Budapest). 13 of the settlement features belonged, however, to earlier periods: to the middle neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery culture and, regarding the majority of the finds, to the so-called Proto-Boleráz horizon, dated to the transition between Middle and Late Chalcolithic. Two of the settlement features (Nos. 11. and 13.) contained both neolithic and chalcolithic finds, thanked to the fact that the later pits were dug into the earlier ones, partly destroying them. However, the original forms of each pit were possible to observe. As to the neolithic finds, (Fig. 6/1-3, Fig. 7) on the basis of the pottery technique, the polishing, the forms and the decoration the material can be dated to the late phase of the Alföld Linear Pottery culture, to a period when the culture was disintegrated into several smaller territorial groups. Considering the geographical position of Kompolt, the features of the Szilmeg group, typical for the vicinity of Eger, has seemed to be expected as most probable, but the linear decoration consisting of small incised dots, appearing on some of the sherds (e.g. Fig. 7/1, 7) are similarly typical for the Bükk group as well, which was distributed in North Eastern Hungary. Besides the pottery fragments of these two late LP groups, pieces from the South East Hungarian Szakáihát culture also appear in the material. Fragments of its coarse pottery, and also a part of an anthropomorhic vessel came to light: fragments from its neck and shoulder, with incised lines of a human phase (Fig. 6/1-3) as well as a piece of its ami, applied with a clay imitation of a spondylus armring, typical for Szakáihát anthropomorphic vessels. The mixed material of different late LP groups can most probably be explained with the peculiar geographical situation of sites like Kompolt: where the Northern mountains are joining to the Great Hungarian Plain, rivers flowing from the north to the plain were especially suitable for becoming a trade and cultural meeting point for different groups and traditions. Near Kompolt, along the river Tarna, similarly mixed late LP assemblages are known. The chalcolithic potteiy consists of types and techniques of two, more-or-less clearly distinguishable characters. On the one hand, a greyish-brown, sand-tempered ware is present with polished inner and outer surfaces, belonging to mostly biconic (carinated) bowls and some plastic decoration, knobs on the edges (Figs. 13/12, 14/2, 13/4). Shaft-holed spoons also occur (Figs. 10/1, 9/5). On the other hand, a part of the pottery is fairly thickwalled, tempered with larger pieces of broken pottery and pebbles; the large storage vessels have fingerprint-decorations on their everted rims and the same under the rim in one row. The surface is often made extremely rough under the shoulders of these vessels by unevenly smearing it with clay (Figs. 8/2, 8/4, 12/, 6/4, 8/3, 13/11, 9/7, 10/3). Some more elaborate, small, S-profiled cups with one handle also belong to this ware (Fig. 13/8). The first pottery group has clear middle chalcolithic, Ludanice reminiscences, while the second group has much in common with the Boleráz group. When analysing the two types, evidently coming from closed assemblages, it can be asserted that the assemblage must be dated after the Ludanice culture, but it must be earlier than the Boleráz horizon. As the wellknown fishbone-and also the channelled decoration is missing, the material from Kompolt must predate even the archaeological material of the site at the neighbouring Gyöngyöshalász, ranged to the earliest Boleráz phase 56