Dani János - Hajdú Zsigmond - Nagy Emese Gyöngyvér szerk.: MÓMOSZ I. (Debrecen, 2001)

Dani János: A Kárpát-medence ÉK-i részének kulturális és kronológiai kérdései a kora bronzkor időszakában

JÁNOS DANI CULTURAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE N-E PART OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE The latest research conducted since the publication of the monograph published by N. Kalicz in 1968 on the Early Bronze Age of the NE part of the Carpathian Basin (Die Frühbronzezeit in NordostUngarn) makes it possible and also necessary to re-evaluate the appertaining chronological and cultural conditions. Among the factors shaping the Early Bronze Age of the region, the cultural conditions of the previous age, i.e. those of the last phase of the Copper Age, also have to be taken into consideration. First of all, it was the later groups of the People of the Pit-grave Kurgans who, as it is supported by finds at several excavation sites, lived through the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. The significance of corded pottery (Schnurkeramik), emerging oftentimes in late Baden environment, which so far has been known only on the basis of sporadic finds, also have to be taken into account at the beginning of the Bronze Age evolution. However, the role of the Baden culture, which previously used to be taken for a basic population in the the development of the Early Bronze Age, appears to be much more questionable, due to the lack of relevant archeological evidence. Phase I of the Early Bronze Age in the region is represented by the people of the Makó culture, which may be coeval with the East- S lovak ian Tumulus culture (occupying East-Slovakia and a part of Sub-Carpathia), the Cotofeni IIIc and the West-Transylvanian tumulus group in Transylvania, and the Vucedol C period in Slavonia. During phase II of the Early Bronze Age, it was the Nyírség culture, with Vucedol traditions in pottery, that occupied the plain areas and the river valleys of NE-Hungary, NW-Romania, and SE-Slovakia. The formerly contested system of relationships and chronology of this culture has been more and more validated through the recently established connecting links with the neighboring cultures. According to the above, the people of the Nyírség culture lived simultaneously with the early and partially classic phase of the Nagyrév culture; in Transylvania with the Copâceni group, the §oimus group, the B-C (Näieni) phase of the Schneckenberg culture and the Jigodin culture; in the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plains with the Gyula-Rosia group and the Óbéba-Pitvaros group; and with the late Makó culture, which had been forced back to NHungary. In period Ilia of the Early Bronze Age, the population called Szaniszló (Sanisläu) group lives in the area formerly populated by the Nyírség. Apart from practically the same area of expansion, the analogous features which can be observed in their pottery ornemantation traditions also imply a genetic relationship between the two populations. On the authority of the fairly characteristic pottery comprising impressed triangles which occur in the finds of neighboring cultures as imports, it can be assumed that the following cultures could exist simultaneously with the Szaniszló group: in E-Slovakia and in N-Hungary the early Hatvan culture (Hriadky-Rozhanovce/Gerenda-Rozgony-phase) and the Kost'any culture; in Transylvania the Çoimus group partly and the Iernut-type; in the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plain the early Perjámos culture; in WSlovakia the Nyitra culture and the ChlopiceVeselé culture. It was in phase Illb of the Early Bronze Age that the Middle Bronze Age „tell-establishing" cultures began to evolve. With the formation of the Hatvan culture, the application of the so-called textile impression (Textilmuster) became widespread, which seemed to appear almost simultaneously as a hori-