Dankó Imre szerk.: Bolgár tanulmányok (A Hajdú-Bihar Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei 26. Debrecen, 1974)

Varga Gyula: A bolgárkertek és a magyar konyhakertkultúra

Riona Bapra E"bJiTAPCKOEO EPA^HHAPCTBO M yHEAPCKATA 3EHEHMyKOnPOH3BOHMTEJlHA KyjibTYPA B Kpan Ha XIX. BCK B yHrapcKaTa 'jezieHHy KonpoH3BOziHTejiHa jiHTepaTypa ce noHBHBa HOBa TepMHHOjiorHfl: ob.ieapdKo-^paouiiapcMao. noHHTneTO Ha m>pBO MHCTO 03HanaBa rpaziH HapcKH Ha­HHH, KOHTO ca BHenpnjiH y Hac 6T>xirapcKHTe rpanHHapn, npecejiBamH ce no TOBa BpeMe B yHrapnn. Bt.irapHTe Ha nbpBO MHCTO nozinoMaraT 3ejieHHyKonpoziOBOJicTBOTo B rpanoBeTe, OCBCH TOBa BHa­CHT HOBa, — y Hac ouie HenoiHaTa B TOBa BpeMe — TexHHnecKa o6pa6oTKa, KOHTO cnezi H3BCCTHO BpeMC peBOJlK)UHOHH3HpBa yHrapCKOTO 3eJieHHyKO-npOH3BO/JCTBO. 3HaneHneTO H BJIHHHHCTO Ha 6tJirapcKOTO rpaziHHapcTBO o6ane caMO ToraBa uie pa36epeM, aKO B3eMaMe nozi BHHMaHHe TpaziHUHHTe Ha no-paHUJHOTO yHrapcKO 3ejieHHyKo-npoH3BOUCTBO H TpajjHUHHTe Ha 6"bJirapcKHTe rpaziHHH. EpaziHHHTe B yHrapnn npeziCTaBJineT ce opraHHHHa npnHaii­jie>KHocTb KBM cejicKOCTonaHbCKaTa ocHOBHa QRWH\\u.Si,na.me.ieKa. noMecTBaHeTo HM 6nBa ziBa BHzia: HJIH CBBceM 6JIH30 ZIO KBmaTa H KyxHJiTa ce HaMnpa rpaziHHaTa, na nopmama (ZIBOP), HJIH ce HaMHpa OTjieJiHO, HO 6JIH3O ZIO cejiOTo. Te ce pa3JiHnaBaT OT pa^opaHaTa 3eMH H zipyr BHZI rpa/iHHH no TOBa, He ome B cpeziHH BeKOBe Bene orpa>KziaT rn. Ha3BaHHeTo CH Te nojiyHaBaT 3aBncnMO OT TOBa, K3KBO e 6HJIO nocazieHO B THX, je.ie, .toie, le.ieiwyK, duu.u H np., OKOJIO no-roJieMHTe cejiHUia Te3H rpaziHHH o6pa3yBaT uHjia Mpe>Ka. OrpazieHHTe zpduuu ne ce ynacTByBaT B roziHixiHHTe pa3ziBH>KBaHHH Ha 06­uiHTe ceziCKH 3eMH, HHTO nBK B pa^npeziezieHHHTa, ziazieHHTe ce OT o6uro3eMHaTa CHCTeMa. Epazi­HHHTe necTO ce CMHTaT KBTO co6cTBeHHOCTb Ha BJiaziejiuHTe, KOHTO B ziazieH cjiynau, He3aBHCHMO OT zipyruTe npHHazuiOKHocTH Ha ziBopa, HM3T npaBO zia rn npoziaziaT. npHTOKaTejiMTe Ha HHKOH rpa­ZIHHH necTo opraHH3npaT caMocToaTejiHa opraHH3auHH. CaMH CH ype>KziaT BtTpeuiHHTe npo6jieMH, H36npaT CH na^an, BT>Be>KziaT CH pa3JiHHHH BtTpeuiHH Mepon PHHTHH H np. npou3BoziCTeHO-TexHHHecKH5i pezi Ha rpaziHHHTe ce o6pa3yBa OT MHoroBeKOBHH TpaziMUHH. Hau-xapaKTepHHTe My nepTH ca: a) CezicKHTe rpaAHHH npou3Be>KziaT npoziyKTH caMO 3a JiHHHa KOHcyMaunn. Ha na3ape ce H3H3CH CaMO H3J1HUIT>K. 6) 06pa6oTBaHeTo Ha rpaziHHHTe ce H3BT>puiBa OT >KCHH. MbKeTe MHOTO PHZIKO, H caMO B H3­KJiKDHHTejieH cjiynaH B3eMaT ynacTHe B o6pa6oTBaneTo. e) TjiaBHo ce npoH3Be>Kzia 3ejieHHyun, HaR-MHoro ynoTpe6»BaHH B cezicKOTO zioMaKHHCTBo. e) HacT OT pacTeHHHTa necTo ce cpeuiaT B rpaziHHHTe B ZIMBO, HJIH noJiyziHBO cbCTOHHHe. CeMe­HaTa HM cjiyHaHHO ca nonaziHaJiH B rpaziHHHTe, a cjiezi TOBa TH ocTaBHJiH TaM. (Heliantus Tuberosus L., Glycyorhiza glabra L. stb.) 6) 06pa6oTKaTa Ha rpaziHHCKaTa noHBa zio Han-HOBHTe BpeMeHa ce H3BT.puiBa no m>pBo6HTCH H3HHH. HanpHMep noHBaTa ce Kona, H 3a ypoHBaHe Ha noHBaTa ce ynoTpe6nBa IIPHMHTHBHO PBHHO zpeo.io. CeMeHaTa ce 3acHBaT c pBKa, pasiipbcaami npe3 npi>CTH e .iexu, KOHTO ca HanpaBeHH CBHIO c pBHHa pa6oTa. 3a noca>KziaHeTo Ha pa^caziHHKa ce ynoTpe6nBa HPHMHTHBHH cenuBa. MHOPO ce rpn>KH 3a ecTeTHHHHH BHZI H cbopMa Ha rpaziHHHTe. /JeKopaTHBHH xpacTH H uBeTH ce Haca>Kjja Ha m>TeKHTe. (B. I. KapTHHa) e) npn6HpaHeTO Ha 3e/ieHHyKa, B cpaBHeHne c pacTeHHHTa OT opHaTa 3eMH ce cTaBa cbmo no ni>pBo6HTeH HaHHH. HanpuMep MapyjiHTa 3a ceMe ce H3TpT>rBa c KopeHHTe CH. CeMeHaTa ce H3­TtpKBaT c pBKa, HJiH c npvr ce H36nBaT (606, JiyK, rpax H np.,). B rpaziHHCKaTa ynoTpe6a ca ocTaHajiH ZIO HaUIH ZIHH TaKHBa ni.pBOHaHa.THH CeHHBa KaTO CT>pn H pa3HH H03K0BC OK) XapaKTepHO e ne B rpaziHHHTe ca ce 3ana3HJiH Hau-CTapoTMnHM crpaziH, TOPMBHH nozipezi6H H orpaziH. OcBeH cejicKHTe rpaziHHH He 6nBa zia ce 3a6paBH 3a yHrapcKH rozieMH 3eMeBJiaziejicKH rpaziHHH, KOHTO ce HaMnpaT OKOJIO ziBopuHTe. 3a Te3H rpaziHHH H napKOBe ce ziaBa OTJIHHHO onncaHHe (B. 6e­JIOKKH N° 9—10). TpaziHUHHTe Ha Te3H rpaziHHH B CT.HIHOCT ce KopeHHBaT B eBponeficKa KyjibTypa, HO BMecTO no/noTBopHOTO OTrjie>KziaHe ce pa3BHBaT KtM zieKopaTHBHo, rpaziHHCKo HCKycTBO. 3HaHHTejiHO rpaziHHapcKO BJIHHHHC HZiBa npn Hac OT BajiKaHa npe3 XVI—XVII B. OT ToraBa

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