A Debreceni Déri Múzeum Évkönyve 1966-1967 (Debrecen, 1968)

Dankó Imre: Hajdúböszörmény népi építkezése

progress in farming and growing cereals resulted in the construction of various buildings in the yards for storing produce (barn for maize, granary, hay-shed, etc.). There is a porch at the front of these houses, usually extending over the entire length of the building (the types are

: cranelegged wooden pillars, plain supported porch, legged plain supported porch, wooden pillars with sawn ornaments, or with outer legs of plain, headed or bellied pillars). The houses have dirt floors, the doors are compact. They do not stand out on the street, there are small gardens in front of them, and they are also separated from the yard by a small, fenced garden. The typical heting equipment is the earthenware stove in the room. The paper mentions the customs, usages and belif connected with the houses. The town-houses of Hajdúböszörmény have grown out of the peasant houses. The most characteristic features are the arched veranda developed from the porch (the types are: closed, open, legged and windowed), elevated floor level inside which is occasionally increased by cellarage beneath, elevated loft ventilated through holes made in the frontage and used for storing produce. Side faces, more rooms and larger dimensions are also characteristic. They usually have gable roofs covered with tile, slate or often sheet iron. The architecture of Debrecen has a strong influence here: there are large, closed gates which are in an adjoining wall as high as the building proper, practically an extension of the house. This wall contributes to shaping the frontage. The many rooms of the town-houses are not lived in, they serve for showing wealth. The family lives in the separate baking-house which consist of a kitchen and a room. While the peasant houses of Böszörmény have mud walls and are whitewashed, the townhouses are plastered, show many colours, or are covered with brick, or, more recently, rubbed with rock flour or spray-coated. The peasat houses are built under the supervision of one foremanbuilder, or peasant bricklayer by the entire family, the relatives, acquaintances, friends, neighbours; the town-houses by bricklayers, building contractors on an approved plan. The paper gives a detailed description of the building of both types of house, mentioning the well-known builders. By the turn of the century, the traditional popular architecture began to decline. This was manifest in part of the peasant houses in that they were rebuilt into town-houses with gables and more facades. A manifold process of rebuilding began, and the various phases followed one another in a regular order

: first came the removal of the open chimney, then flooring of the rooms, insertion of new, larger windows, tile-flooring of kitchen and porch, tiling the roofs, removal of fireplace and brick hearth, glazing the porch, removal of mudding, building of brick basement with insulation, rubbing the walls with rock flour. In town-houses this process was not carried out in all and every phases as these had been built originally in a more modern way. The typical conversion form of these houses was the glazing of porches whereby verandas were created to serve as entrance-halls. The economic and social changes after World War II accelerated the changes in the architecture of Böszörmény. The empty premises of the wealthy peasants were put to use, the clean rooms of the peasant houses were eliminated as such for the most part. The victory of socialist largescale farming brought further radical changes. Many buildings for the farmers' use became useless (stables, pens, granaries, barns, pantries). These were pulled down or converted; those surviving in their original condition are used temporarily as lumber-rooms. Many houses are being built in Böszörmény today. Most of them do not any more follow the traditions, although the material is the old one

: adobe and mud walls. The paper also mentions the buildings in the yards. The hay-shed is described as a typical construction of Hajdúböszörmény. It is emphasised that, apart from some individual traits, there is no such thing as the independent, typical Heyduck house, let alone Hajdúböszörmény house. These belong to the types of house in Middle Hungary or the Great Plain, on the basis of the Rátky-Győrffy classification. 421