Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. A Szent István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 32. 2002 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (2003)
Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Lukács László: Multiethnic and Homogenous Periods in the History of Székesfehérvár. p. 43–51.
in the downtown. During six weeks the buildings found their owners. The vice-provisor made a record of 258 houses in the downtown: 16 of these were public buildings, 19 were in the possession of the Church, 12 of German officers and soldiers, 12 of Hungarian officers, 5 possessed by Hungarian aristocrats, 81 by Hungarian-, 18 by German-, 2 Serbian- and 4 Turkish settlers. (Jenei 1986, 173-176) The Hungarian population was already in majority in the downtown. 177 burgher names are known from the year of the Turkish liberation. 2/3 of these are Hungarians and 1/3 are Germans. The proportion of German craftsmen working chiefly for the army (butchers, bakers, tailors, shoemakers, locksmiths and smiths) is the same. Because of the fire of 1686 only 34 burghers - mainly with Hungarian names were living in Palotaváros, whereas Budai suburb was deserted. Amongst the craftsmen of Palotaváros one can find butchers, bakers, furriers, tailors, potters and smiths. The Hungarian soldiers, liveried attendants, lighthorsemen were settled in Palotaváros, who already at that time sent for Calvinistic preacher and held gatherings secretly (Philip 1933, 41; Kállay 1988, 370). When the partition of inner-city houses went on, German settlers arrived from Western Hungarian, Austrian and German regions. The two waves of their immigration were divided by the Rákóczi fight for freedom. The characteristics of the first wave of immigration was searched by Éva Somkúti. According to the register of births: 'between 1688 and 1703, the place of origin of 162 people could be identified... 59.8 percent of Germans came from Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia; 27 percent came from other German territories; 2.7 percent from other nonGerman territories; while 11.1 percent came from western Hungary. Besides the Austrian, there were Czech, Moravian, Silesian, Bavarian, Swabian and Frank elements that dominated among German immigrants...We know 37 place-names in Austria, from each of them only one person came to our town, except for Vienna, Brück and Rotterstorff, from these places 2-2 persons came. We know from Bohemia 12, Moravia 8, Silesia 8, Bavaria 7, Franconia 4, Swabia 7, Rhineland 1, Saxony 5 placenames, from each of them one person settled down in Székesfehérvár, except for Prague, Brno, Straubing and Cologne (2-2 persons) and from Würzburg 3 persons. There were no points of junction from where the German emigrants came in large numbers. The settlement was quite sporadic at that time.' (1979, 9-18) The German settlers were mainly craftsmen: 21 worked in the building industry (carpenter, joiner, bricklayer, stone-cutter, locksmith), 12 in the clothing industry (weaver, shoemaker, tanner, tailor), 12 in the food industry (butcher, baker) and 19 in other industries (potter, cooper, wheelwright, smith, rope-maker, glazier). The proportion of the branches of industry reflects the early stage of industrialisation on the territories liberated from the Turks. The number of immigrants was not so high that the majority of the population would have been German: in 1698, 35 out of 135 houses in the downtown and 17 out of the 122 houses in Palotaváros was in German possession (Kállay 1976, 180). During the Rákóczi fight for freedom, the tensions between Hungarians and Germans grew. At the outbreak of the fight the burghers of German and Serb origin decided to protect the town against the Kuruts. At the meeting of 2 nd of January 1704 the Hungarian burghers proclaimed that they would preserve their assets and belongings, but would not fight against the Kuruts. The town judge András Parraghy did not give passport to the German deputies who wanted to go to Pozsony in order to plead for protection. At the meeting held on the 7 th of January the Hungarian burghers decided to give in to the Kuruts troops. Their deputies announced to general Sándor Károlyi the surrender of the town. Thus the Kuruts troops marched in Székesfehérvár on the 16 th of January 1704. The Habsburg troops led by field marshal Heister re-occupied the town on 8 April, and were rejoiced by the German population: 'No one was then merrier than the Germans and sorrower than the Hungarians!' (Kállay 1976, 181; Jenei 1977, 10-11) During the Rákóczi fight for freedom out of the 50 peasant families that fled to Székesfehérvár from the neighbouring domains, 9 were of German origin. They could settle in the Budai suburb, because in 1712 the council ordered that the Hungarians who had settled down there in the rebellious times must demolish their earth lodges built without permisssion. (Kállay 1976, 181) Most German craftsmen settled down in Székesfehérvár by the end of the 18 th century. The local council charged the settlers with a fee of 20-25 forints (Bürger Pfennig), and demanded the purchase of the civic house and the admission into the guild. The guilds of Székesfehérvár demanded from the settlers a high fee (63 forints) and a treat of the guild members. Due to these strict regulations, there was no mass settlement in Székesfehérvár. The number of German settlers barely reached 20-30 persons per year at its peak. (Kállay 1976, 182-183). We know the names of 4167 burghers from the period that lasted from 1688 and ended in 1848. Out of this number there were 1779 Hungarians, 1625 Germans, 642 Slavs, 14 Italians, 11 Latinised and 96 people of unidentified origin. The town became royal free borough again in 1703, which meant that a burgher of Székesfehérvár could only be Roman Catholic, thus it is not surprising that out of the 4167 burgers there were 4025 Roman Catholics, 67 Greek Orthodox, 37 Calvinists, 17 Lutherans and 2 "Protestants". We even know the trade of 3558 burghers: 1876 were craftsmen, 1077 peasants, 179 merchants and 149 vine-growers. We know the place of origin of 3066 burghers: 2681 of them came from Hungary and 407 from abroad. 1457 burghers were born in Székesfehérvár and 215 in Fejér County. Many of them came from the neigh50
