Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 15. 1974 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1976)
Irodalom – Bescprechungen - Lukács László: Dobrudzsa. XV, 1974. p. 257–258.
Sukoró. Ön St. Urban *s Day (May 25) the vineyard owners of Adony performed ritual actions accepted and controlled by the church. At five o'clock ringing of the morning bell, at half past five ringing in, a low mass followed by a procession to the vineyards. Before 1811 a tent was built at the crucifix out of leafy branches and this was the site of the high mass; after 1811 it was celebrated in St. Urban's chapel which was decorated for the occasion with leafy branches and flowers. The mass was followed by the benediction of the flowers. The consecrated flowers were placed in the press-houses and kept there for the rest of the year. However, there were several other ritual actions connected with the cult of St. Urban, but independent from the church. In Adony the consecrated flowers placed in the press-house were a part of the popular belief. According to this belief the consecrated flowers will defend the house from lightning during a thunderstrom. Specifically the ritual involves throwing some dry flowers and leaves into the rain from the door of the press-house. In Sukoró the vine was not hoed during the chilly days of May because it was believed that the freshly hoed vine is more sensitive to the frost. If a frost about St. Urban's Day damaged the vine, the vineyard-owners said : "Urban has drunk our wine!" If there was no frost, they drank to celebrate this luck and poured some wine on the ground saying: "Drink, Urban!" After the vintage they also poured some new wine from the first glass on the ground of the cave. Добруджа. Етнографски, фолклорни и езикови проучвания. Издательство на Българската Академия на Hay ките, София, 1974, 498 р. Under the title "Ethnographical Research Work in Bulgaria" the publishing house of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences plans the edition of a series including essays from various ethnographical regions of the country. The research work accomplished among the different Bulgarian ethnographical groups is directed by the Ethnographical Institute and Museum of the Academy (Sofia). As the first result of these investigations a volume has been published with essays on the folk culture of Dobrudja. By way of introduction the authors underline the complexity of the research work including every important domain of the traditional culture of Dobrudja. Based mainly on recent ethnographical material collected in the past years (1970 — 1971) the volume presents the way of life and the cultural development of the Dobrudjean people from the last decades of the 19 th с to the middle of the 20 th o. In Europe this is the period of capitalism when in most parts of Europe the tradional peasant cultures disappear or become transformed as a result of industrial revolution and capitalist development. However, there are some areas particularly in Eastern Europe where this process of transformation was a very slow one and eventually took place in the last decades only. One of these areas was Dobrudja where, on account of the specific historical circumstances, the traditional culture has still maintained its original features in the first half of the period in question (last decades of the 19 th c). In eight chapters the volume presents the traditional material, spiritual and social culture as well as the vernacular of Dobrudja. The demographical chapter by M. Wassiliewa describes the history of the area from the end of the 14 tb с to the 20 th c. Based upon various sources (Turkish documents, itineraries, archival records, statistics) the author presents the development of the population and its ethnical composition, dealing with the migration processes, their reasons and trends. As a result of the migration processes Dobrudja becomes a multi-national area where the presence of the Bulgarian pupulation can be demonstrated throughout the entire period investigated. Multisecular experience and wisdom of the Moravian vine-growers are reflected in locutions, proverbs and forecasts. The influence of vine and viticulture can be also observed in folk arts (ceramics, needle-work, wall-painting). There are not many branches of agricultural production such as viticulture, where the archaic material, spiritual and social culture has remained so intact, with antique, mediaeval and recent elements equally present. This statement ofV. Frolec holds good not only for Moravia, but for other Central European countries, in fact, for all European vine-growing regions as well. The archaic elements are mainly demonstrable on the domain of agrotechnique and, above all, of the implements; in most cases their survival is due to functional and rational considerations . Ever since the Middle Age the Moravian viticulture had close contacts to the major vine-growing regions of the Eastern Mediterraneum and the Rhenish provinces. In regard to the archaic elements the Moravian viticulture presents several conformities with South-Western Slovakia, Lower Austria, Burgenland and Western Hungary. The closest contacts developed with Lower Austria, mainly on account of Austrian and Bavarian settlers who started vine-growing on clear-cut areas. German contacts can be demonstrated in the terminology of viticulture and on several fields of spiritual and material culture. L. Lukács In the chapter on the traditional material culture L. D u k о v deals with Dobrudjean agriculture, calling the attention to the importance and the labour organization of the landed property called cziflik. The basic cycle of agricultural activities is presented together with the various methods of soil tilling and the traditional implements specified according to form, function and denomination. The changes taking place in the development of agriculture and in the use of implements as well as the equipment and the buildings of peasant farmsteads are described, with a reference to the relationship with the Eastern Bulgarian areas. The chapter on horticulture and viticulture is by L. P e n e w a. In Dobrudja horticulture is limited to a rather restricted area with proper climatic conditions and has been introduced not very long time ago by the gardeners immigrating from the district of Veliko-Tirnovo. These gardeners have brought with them their implements, the terminology of the different cultures, the working methods and the labour organization. Finally the author demonstrates the particularities of Dobrudjean viticulture and its relationship with other Bulgarian and Balkan areas by means of local vine sorts, viticultural methods and wine-growing techniques. L. D u k о v has written the chapter on animal husbandry. A description of the traditional breeding methods (sheep, cattle, horses, pigs, poultry) and of the differences as observed in some parts of Dobrudja is followed by a specification of the herdmen's buildings, the implements of animal-breeding and the popular methods for cattle healing. An overall view of Dobrudjean animal keeping includes the phases of development of animal husbandry, its connection with agriculture and its importance in the period between the liberation of Bulgaria (1878) and our days. The author underlines the special importance of sheep- and horse-breeding in the production of small and large estates. The chapter ends with a description of traditional apiculture and of its gradual modernization. An essay by S. Blagojewa deals with the handicrafts. An overall historical and economical review of 17 Alba Regia XV. 257
