Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 8.-9. 1967-1968 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1968)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bándi Gábor: Remarks on the History of Research in the „Vueedol Problem”. – Megjegyzések a Vueedoli-kérdés kutatástörténetéhez. VIII–IX, 1967–68. p. 23–33.

2. In his judgment the main area of the extension of the culture is the well circumscribed territory between the Danube, the Drave and the Save (Eastern Slavonia and Western Sirmium).

62 3. Setting out from the typological analysis of the material, he derives the culture from local antecedents, namely Babska

—Lengyel, Baden

—Kostolac and some Vinca

—Butmir factors.

63 4. Following R. R. S с h m i d t,

64 he bases his conclusions on the changes in the style of pottery, distinguishing three chronological phases in the culture: A Early Vucedol phase В Developped Vucedol phase С Phase of degeneration

65 5. The Vucedol expansion happened in the В phase towards SW Hungary, but towards Slovakia and to the £W, to Bosnia, in the С phase of the culture only.

66 6. The impact of the Vucedol culture on the Mondsee group was an event of the С phase equally.

67 7. West to the principal area, between the Save and the Drave, parallel to the described process, contemporary with phases A

—B, the independent Lasinja culture has come into being, on a base of Babska

—Lengyel.

68 8. At the turn of phases В

—

С the Vucedol culture invaded also the area of the Lasinja culture, i.e. NW Yougoslavia; then a medley culture was formed in this territory, influenced by the Lasinja

—Vucedol and the recently arriving Litzenkeramik ethnical groups, an event of the Early Bronze Age already (Laibacher Moors group).

69 Before making some suggestions as regards the conclusions summed up in this way, namely the propounded partition and inner development of the culture, we have to cast a glance on the most recent ideas of Hungarian research on the "Vucedol problem". After some minor publications and excavation reports, also after field surveys resulting in a number of recent sites,

70 the first comprehensive treatments of the culture have been produced by I. Bona and N. К a 1 i с z from the 1950s on.

71 The view of I. Bona on the development of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary is based on proving the southern connections, or its southern origin, respectively. A pioneer in Hungarian research, he revised the earlier "autochthonous", Tószeg-centred theories of Tompa, Patay and Mozsolics ; marchalling all the material of the Carpathian Basin, he outlined the history of the Balkaи Ibid.: Opusc. Arch. 1 (1956) Table XV.; - Opusc. Arch. 5 (1961), map of extension. 63 S. DIMITRIEVIC: Opusc. Arch. 5 (1961) 61. 64 R. R. SCHMIDT: op. cit. es S. DIMITRIEVIC: Opusc. Arch. 1 (1956) 33; Opusc. Arch. 5 (1961) 62. 66 Ibid. 65. 6' S. DIMITRIEVIC: Opusc. Arch. 1 (1956) 33, 56. es Ibid. 5 (1961) 81. ^ Ibid. 84. 70 GY. TÖRÖK: PME (1942) 10 -.; J. CSALOG: Arch. Ért. (1941) 6 -; J. BANNER: PME (1941) 18; GY. GAZDAPUSZTAI: Arch. Ért. 89 (1962) 4-; J. BANNER: Dolg. 15/16 (1939-40) 73 -; GY. GAZDAPUSZTAI: Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve (Annals of the Ferenc Móra Museum) (1957) 79 —. Extensive field surveys were made in the Nyírség, in East Hungary (N. К a 1 i с z) and in the region of the Sió river, in West Hungary (I. T о r m a), also in Veszprém county, minor ones also in Baranya county. 71 I. BONA: A bronzkor Magyarországon (The Bronze Age in Hungary) (Budapest 1958, manuscript) I.; AUSB 5 -; N. KALICZ: ÉszakkeletMagyarország korai bronzkora (The Early Bronze Age in North-East Hungary) (Budapest 1964 (1967) 3. Diss. Arch. 4 (1962) 12-18; N. KALICZ: Arch. Ért. 93 (1966) nie

—Anatolian movement of peoples from 1900 B.C. on, together with the new chronology of the southern groups of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary.

72 It was this historical process which served as a framework for the population he called "Vucedol

—Zók culture". Beside the southern components of its origin, he supposed strong West Balkanic roots as well. He followed the move of the culture from South to North, defining the various ethnical groups on the base of this suggestion. (Thus the territory west of the Danube is the Zók—Vucedol group; the north-western group is the Mondsee

—

Gruppe; the East Hungarian branch is the Nyírség group.

73

) Investigating the history of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in NE-Hungary, N. К a 1 i с z has defined the eastern groups of the culture.

74 He called the whole "the Zók culture" and divided it into three ethnical groups

: a Zók—Vucedol group b Makó group с Nyírség group In the material of the Zók—Vucedol group the author comprised the Yougoslavian and West Hungarian finds, omitting a detailed analysis of this group, however.

75 As regards the Makó group, his views may be summed up as follows : The group occupies those areas of the culture which were undiscovered entirely or figured in a different connection, under an other name earlier.

76 Its territory is circumscribed by the Maros—Körös region, the Danube

—Tisza region, the northern borderland of Transdanubia and Western Slovakia (i.e. the Slavonic culture according to B. Novotny). This material is well distinguishable from the Zók—Vucedol group, its burial rite is the cremation, its settlements have a single layer with phenomena dug into the ground.

78 The separation of the Nyírség group is justified by its closed area of extension, its material culture diverging from the Makó group and its characteristic form of double settlement.

79 Similarly to I. Bona, he also connected the origin of the culture with the historical events in the South (North-Western Anatolia, Kyklads, South Balkans) at about 1900 B.C., affecting the diverse groups with a different intensity and ethnical composition. Beside the southern factor, however, he recognized also the influence of the ochre grave tumulus culture of the Eastern Steppe and that of the agricultural population of the Ukraine and the Lower Danube, driven by that eastern attack, as creative elements. The impact of this eastern factor becomes less as we proceed from East to West; thus it was this fact which contributed to the birth of the various forms of ethnic groups in the framework of the whole culture.

80 Summing up the conclusions of research after all that has been said, we may define the present view on the 72 Cf. I. BONA: op. cit. in note 71. - I. BONA: Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve (1964-65) 25. ?з I. BONA: AUSB 5 -; Diss. Arch. 2 (1960) 51. 74 Cf. his works quoted in note 71. 7

s Ibid. ™ N. KALICZ: Diss. Arch. 4 (1962) 14. 77 Ibid. 7

8 Ibid. '» N. KALICZ: Arch. Ért. 964 (1967) ... 80 Ibid. Cf. the material of note 76. 26