Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 8.-9. 1967-1968 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1968)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Éry Kinga, K.: Reconstruction on the tenth Century Population of Sárbogárd on the Basis of Archaeoloogical and Anthropological Data. – A sárbogárdi X. századi közösség rekonstrukciója régészeti és embertani adatok alapján. VIII–IX, 1967–68. p. 93–147. t. XXVI–XLV.

of life of a population can cause certain modifications of the pronouncedness of sex-expression. In this case, for instance, it would be interesting to examine the sex­dimorphism of agricultural and herding communities and to see whether there is any tendentious difference be­tween them. But the material available today is not yet sufficient for answering this question. 3. Age Changes As early as L. Bartucz 51 then later J. Nemes­kéri and his colleagues 52 emphasized the importance of the chages of the human body occurring with age for historical anthropological research. They pointed out that the changes taking place with age may alter the taxono­mical judgement of the population on account of the manifestation of the characters in different age groups. Bearing all these in mind I averaged the skeletal measu­rements of the population of Sárbogárd according to the three large age groups (Juvenis, Adultus + Maturus, Seni­lis) separately for males and females. The analysis of age changes was done only with absolute measurements since the increase or decrease of index values is the function of the changes of the two measurements comprising the index and this phenomenon can be adequately analyzed only for large series. In one instance could I compare the data of Sárbogárd to the studies of E. С Büchi on modern living populations. 53 The age determination of adults was done in accord­ance with the method of J. Nemeskéri — L. Harsányi — G у. Acsádi 54 on the basis of the examination of four age criteria .1 have based the estimat­ed limits of age on the modified figures of G y. Acsádi — J. Nemeskér i. 55 Here I have taken into con­sideration how many and which age criteria form the basis of the calculations. The age determinations of the Juvenis group was done after F. E. J о h n s t о n 's method 56 taking into consideration the stage of ossification of the synchondrosis sphaenooccipitalis and also the possible pres­ence of the third molar. The age determinations of the Infans group was done according to D. S с h r a n z's scheme of tooth eruption 57 which was controlled by the scheme of J. Schour — M. Massle r. 58 Repetition of the examination was also used to control the correct­ness of the age determinations. Unfortunately the poor quality and the relative short­ness of the series allow only a few observations to be made on the age changes and the validity of the observed phenomena is also very low. (Because of the poor condi­tion and number of cases, the data of males in the Senilis age group as well as the data of the facial skeletons of adult females were omitted from the examination.) И L. BARTUCZ: A magyar ember (Hungarians). Magyar Föld — Magyar Faj IV. (Bp. 1938?) 52 Gy. ACSÁDI-J. NEMESKÉRI-L. HARSÁNYI: Acta Arch. Hung. 11 (1959) 419-455. 53 E. C. BÜCHI: Änderungen der Körperform beim Erwachsenen Menschen (Horn-Wien 1950). si J. NEMESKÉRI-L. HARSÁNYI-Gy. ACSÁDI: Anthr. Anz. 24 (1960) 103-115. 55 Gy. ACSÁDI-J. NEMESKÉRI: History of Human Length of Life and Mortality (in press) s« F. E. JOHNSTON: H. Biol. 33 (1961) 66-81. 57 D. SCHRANZ: DZGGM 48 (1959) 562-575. 58 J. SCHOUR-M. MASSLER: The Development of the Human Denti­tion. Cit.: D. BROTHWELL: Digging up Bones (London, 1963). (In regard to the age changes I examined only those mean values based on at least three cases. When examin­ing the post-cranial bones I took into consideration the means of the right and left sides but only when at least three cases could be examined for computing each. When­ever there was no more than a 0.5 difference between the two sume I regarded those values as equal.) Table 12 shows the percentage distribution of those measurements which gradually increase from the Juvenis age group until the Senilis or gradually decrease and which become manifest in the Adultus —Maturus age. The values increasing gradually with the advance of age occur in 55.5% of the skeletal bones of females. 59 The most important length and breadth measurements of the brain case and together with them the horizontal circumference are rising values. This observation corres­ponds to В ü с h i's experiences. The length of the man­dible, the ramus height also represent increasing values and the angle of the mandible also becomes greater. In three instances the widening of the diaphysis and in two instances the widening of the epiphysial regions can be observed on the post-cranial bones. The minimum ramus breadth reduces gradually with age on female skulls. No reduction is observable on the measurements of post-cranial bones. The manifestation of the values in the Adultus —Matu­rus age group are the most interesting in regard to the height measurements of the brain case. 60 The maximum arch measurements may also be related to the maximum height measurements. The maximum of the post-cranial measurements is observable in the Adultus —Maturus group only in a few diaphysial measurements. Since the progress of only a relatively few measure­ments could be examined in regard to age changes be­tween the Juvenis and Senilis groups and since even the data of males and of the facial skeleton, let us examine the varying values of the measurements between the Juve­nis and Adultus —Maturus groups, i.e., from youth to adulthood (Table 13). Increasing from the younger to the older age group there is a tendency to rise observable in 61.4% of the cranial measurements and in 62.1% of the post-cranial measurements of males; the same holds for 76.1% of the cranial measurements and 100.0% of the post-cranial­measurements of females. 61 This decided difference be­tween the two sexes is the result of the average age of males in the Juvenis group of Sárbogárd being 20 years while for females it is 18 years of age. For males it is mostly the measurements of the mandible, facial skeleton and brain case (in the order given) which are rising. The same tendency holds for the values of females with the exception of the measurements of the mandible. All these 59 The values increasing according to age are the following: Cranium: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 23, 68/1, 70, 79; Humerus: 5; Radius: 4; Ulna: 14; Femur: 7, 9. 60 The age maximum of adults-maturus can be seen in the following mea­surements: Cranium: 17, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29: Humerus: 6; Femur: 10; Tibia: 8/a. 9/a. , 61 The increasing values for the males are the following: Cranium: 1, 2, 3, 8, 9. 10, 11, 12, 16, 23, 26, 28, 29, 31/1, 40, 42, 43, 44. 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68/1, 69, 70, 79; Humerus: 1, 5, 6, 7; Radius: 4, 5; Ulna: 14; Clavicula: 6; Femur: 2, 6, 7, 9, 10; Tibia: 1/b, 8/a, 9/a; Talus: 1; Cot. sei. breadth. — The increasing values for the females are the following: Cranium: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11. 12, 16, 17, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 38, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 72, 74, 68/1, 70, 79; Humerus: 5, 6, 7; Ulna: 13, 14; Clavicula: 6; Femur: 6, 7, 9, 10; Tibia: 8/a, 9/a; Talus: 1, 2; Cot. Sei. breadth; Inc. isc. breadth. 116

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