Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bándi Gábor: Data to the Early and Middle Bronze Age of Northern Transdanubia and Southern Slovakia. (Some Problems of the Tokod Group). IV–V, 1963–64. p. 65–71. t. 18–20.

graves he reaches the conclusion that the group practised cremation burial in Northern Transdanubia (Nyergesújfalu). Utilising the materi il of these graves, he extends the investigation of origins to the Hatvan culture as an important component. On the other hand he attaches, on the evidence of the scanty material published by Slovakian research so far, the Hurbanovo cemetery to our group. Hungarian and Slovakian material induces him to use the name "Tokod type".

23 He doubts the possibility of solving the problems of the group definitely as long as verified settlements are not uncovered.

24 Following these antecedents the first extensive and verified Tokod settlement was unearthed in 1959, enabling students to clear up the hitherto unsolved problems of our group. N. Kalicz, summarizing the Early Bronze Age of Eastern Hungary, was enabled to assess the exact situation of the group already and to state the near genetic connections with the archaeological material of the Hatvan culture. Chronologically he identified it with the younger Hatvan phase.

26 Otherwise he did not treat the group in detail. The history of research made on our subject and the criticism of the opinions expressed on it have induced us to state the necessity of a historical and genetic valuation of the mentioned group from a new standpoint. Excavations made in the last years on the right bank of the Danube and in a lesser degree in Slovakia have revealed a new picture of the group. The present paper does not furnish an evidence based on the complete archaeological material, it intends to present just a few specimens from the finds, in order to substantiate the refutation of hitherto expressed opinions. The more important sites are the following: NyergesújfaZu-Brickworks Investigating the extension of the Tokod group, we intend to deal with the self-standing sites and the scattered finds belonging to the same. The extension of the type in the contemporary and adjoining cultures will be treated separately (see the map of extension). Geographically the group may be followed in a narrow stripe on both banks of the Danube, from the right bank of the Ipoly to the line of Süttő and Dunaalmás approximately. 23 I. BONA: RégDolg. 2 (I960) 61; AUSBSH 3 (1961) 18. 24 The material of the verified settlements and cemeteries (Plate 3), Tokod-Altáró (Note 26), NeszmélyVárhegy (Note 25), Tokod-Hegyeskő (Plate i), Male Kosihy (Note 34), Patince (Note 16), Szálka. Confronting the archaeological material unearthed at

. these sites with the logical interpretation of the hitherto expressed views, we may explain the character and the origin of the group. First of all we have to separate the mentioned cemeteries of Hurbanovo and Nesvady from our group definitely. In these cases we are faced by Slovakian Aunjetitz material, in which the "Hurbanovo small jug" is but a trace of foreign influence. Having separated the Aunjetitz line, the group gains a uniform character, containing the general rite of cremation burial. Beside the doubtless occurrence of Kisapostag features the archaeological material has a Hatvan character generally. In its slow, gradual extension from the East to the West, the Hatvan culture crosses the Ipoly river and develops a separate group on both banks of the Danube. In the new territory the group assumes certain features different from the original culture. These are the traces of influence received from the Early Bronze Age cultures of Northern Transdanubia and Southern Slovakia (Kisapostag, Aunjetitz). This newly developped archaeological unit is represented by the material in question. Consequently we have to change the name used for our group. We do not regard the names "Hurbanovo type" and its derivation, the „Tokod-Ógyalla group" as justified. Since the most important site of this characteristic archaeological unit is represented by the settlement and cemetery at To/cod-Altáró, we suggest the use of the name TOKOD GROUP in the following archaeological literature. On the left bank of the Ipoly its eastern neighbour is the Hatvan culture. In Western Slovakia its main territory does not reach as far as the contemporary Moravian-Slovakian Aunjetitz culture, extending to the Nyitra river only. Our group is exerting just influence as far as that (Hurbanovo, Nesvady). In the last phase of its existence its area is bordered by the developing culture of the incrusted ware people on the South and SouthWest, by the Magyarád culture in Slovakia. uncovered lately make the correct valuation of the group possible. # 67