Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)
Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.
Our detailed analysis made it evident that the pottery of the Somogyvár group is rooted both as to forms and decoration, let us add the technique too, in the Troy II —V — Veselinovo culture; all the parallels enumerated here belong to the Aegean —Anatolian Early Bronze Age, a period between 2300 and 1900 B. C, thus preceding the appearance of any similar phenomenon in the North. Since the priority is above all discussion, we may reduce the Somogyvár group, appearing together with this culture, to the South-Eastern Balcans only; hence the group brought the Early Bronze Age culture, extended from Anatolia through South —Eastern Thracia to Eastern Macedonia, to a territory where all similar phenomena have been unknown earlier. The few metal finds uncovered in the Somogyvár group so far are to be found in the area of the mother culture almost without exception. Golden lock rings (PI. XVII no. 15) are occurring at Saratse, 166 Junacite™ 1 and in the famous „Priamos hoard" at Troy. 168 As regards their origin we may allude to the statements made in connection with the Pitvaros group. The bronze dagger found at Klinci also has a parallel at Troy. im The long, pierced whetstone appearing with the first, bronze weapons is derived from the Troyan circle as well. 170 The thin bronze torqueses found at Klinci and Zarub are also significant. They have identical shapes with the specimens unearthed at óbéba and Törökkanizsa and they are doubtless of Anatolian —Western Asian origin just as those ones. Though they are not known from Western Hungarian Somogyvár finds yet, the occurrence of such objects in our group gives a sufficient explanation for their presence in quite late graves of the Pécel culture at Lichtenwörth 11 " l and Leobersdorf, 172 equally alluded to in course of the analysis of the Pitvaros group. It must be repeated, however, that the time limits of the Syrian and Anatolian torqueses may be defined between 2100 and 1900, supporting the chronological situation of our group also 166 Ibid. Fig. 73 qq. 167 V. MIKOV: GPNB (1937-39) 55-, Fig. 14. 168 H. SCHMIDT: op. cit. Pl. I-II. 169 Ibid, nos 1146, 6153. 170 W. A. HEURTLEY: PM Fig. 65 j-1; H. SCHLIEMANN: Atlas des Antiquités Troyermes. (Leipzig-Paris 1874) nos 630-655. For their role cf. I. BUNA. The Middle Bronze Age, the item Whetstrones. 171 K. WILLVONSEDER: WPZ 24 (1937) 15-17, two torqueses (grave 1) Figs 1-2. 172 Ibid. 18-20, 3 unhurt and one fragmentary torqueses from from the side of metals. It is at the same time that we meet bronze spiral beads in grave L at Byblos and at other places too. 173 9. The problem of tumulus burial The battle of more than a half century, waged by two camps on „principial grounds" at first, then on the testimony of cord-ornamented sherds found in the Early Bronze or Helladic Age settlements respectively (Eutresis, Hagia Marina, Hagios Mamas, Kritsana) with ever increasing sharpness, represented in the last decades by S. Fuchs and H. Kilián on one side, by Miljocic on the other, 174 — became extended to a new element, that of tumulus burial recently. As it is known, the basic question sounds like this: are these cordornamented sherds to be attached to immigrants of northern origin or not? In the discussion an original view has been expressed and a compromise suggested by M. V. Garasanin. 175 He acknowledges the basic southern character of the finds discovf ered in both groups of the Serbian burial mounds, he regards this, however, as a merely cultural phenomenon. Starting from the really existing link between the Belotic —Bela Crkva tumulus group and the Glina III — Schneckenberg complex, ethnically he comes to the result that their rite of tumulus burial is connected in an inverse direction, through Transylvania and the Roumanian Plain, with the burial mounds of doubtless Pontus origin, appearing there. Their occurrence in the Balcans may be attached to a second Indo-European wave, represented by steppe herdsmen of so scanty a culture that they should borrow the richer culture of local population almost in the moment of their entry. Essentially M. V. Garasanin's theory holds that culture and migration may proceed in an opposite direction, one from the South to the North and the other from the North to the South. N. KaUcz, regarding the tumulus cemeteries of South —Eastern Europe as of a unitary eastern derivation, treads the same path substantially. 176 The tumuli ought to be the burial places of an aristocracy of the steppe herdsmen, invading this area at the beginning of graves, Fig. 4. The author regards them as the earliest specimens in Austria. 173 CL. F. A. SCHAEFFER: Stratigraphie Comparée et Chronologie de l'Asie Occidentale (London 1948) Fig. 59 В; Fig. 61 no. 7; Pl. 5; P. Äström: The Middle Cypriot Bronze Age (Lund 1957) Fig. 15 nos 7-8; H. GOLDMAN: Tarsus Fig. 435 no. 2 etc. .174 A comprehensive survey by W. MILOJClC: Germania 33 (1955) 151-154. 175 BRGK 39, 105-106. 176 Diss Arch. 4 (1962) 5-18. 57
