Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

Ornament as е. д. at Zók)

n and the cilindrical beakers, the Vucedol, Zók and Zecovi occurrence of which was shown in course of their presentation.

42 The problem of connections between Somogyvár and Vucedol (Zok) will be cleared up after an adequate treatment of the Western Hungarian Zók finds (first of all the Nagy árpád settlement), In several cases (water -jars, beakers) it was Somogy vár pottery which handed the forms over, whereas the relationship of one-handled jugs and bowls may be reduced to common roots possibly. In all probability the Somogyvár group was amalgamated into the Western Hungarian Zók group, becoming one of its components. The chronological situation of the Somogyvár and Vucedol groups is illustrated by several indirect data. Of these three should be mentioned here: 1. Vucedol

—Zók ceramics have close relations with the pottery appearing after the middle of the Early Bronze Age, or the Middle Bronze Age incrusted pottery in Western Hungary; 2. the Makó group of the Vucedol culture is in a near relationship with the Nagyrév culture; further some of its typical forms, e. g. its charecteristic one-handled jugs and water jars reach the Bohemian and Thuringian corded pettery in indentical shapes, occurring in their late phase (Buchwaldek III);

43 on the contrary, surprising impacts of Somogyvár ceramics, first of all the angular jugs of type l/a, are appearing much earlier in Central Germany, in the Walternienburg

—

Bernburg group (Brachwitz, Seeburg, Drosa).

il I shall return to this problem later on. Connections with the Nagyrév culture. The Western

—Hungarian sites of the earliest „Ökörhalom type" of the Nagyrév culture and those of the Somogy vár group are avoiding or completing each other, respectively. Thus at least a partial coevity of the Nagyrév folk, populating North-Eastern Transdanubia and practising cremation burial, and the Somogyvár group may hardly be doubted. This is borne out also by the connection в. NOVOTNY: SA loc. cit. Fig. 5 nos 1-2; Pl. 8 no. 3; Id., Slovensko Pl. 72 nos 2, 5-6; J. VLADÄR, SA 10 (.1962) 319—

,P1. 1 no. 7; 3 nos 6-7; A. TOCIK: Kommision für das Äneolithikum und die ältere Bronzezeit, Nitra 1958 (Bratislava 1961) 21-24, Fig. 5 no. 3; J. CSALOG: Arch. Ért. 1941, 9-11, Pl. 6 no. 2; A. BENAC: GZMS 1 oc. cit. Pl. 11 no. 3; GY. TÖRÖK: PME. 1942, 3—, Pl. 2 no. 3; N VULIC— M. GRBIC: op. cit. Pl. 18 no. 6. 42 Cf. notes 33-34. 43 For the Bohemian pottery of Makó (Vucedol) influence cf. M. BUCHWALDEK: AR 7 (1955) 218-242, especially the following jugs and amphorae: Fig. 123 nos 5, 8, 14, 20, further the same in the grave complexes: Fig. 125 nos 11, 22; Fig. 126 no. 10; Fig. 127 no. 2; Fig. 128 no. 1; Fig. ISO no. 46. For the late chronology of the phase recealing Vucedol. impacts see M. BUCHWALDEK: AR 9 (1957) 362-401, group III in the table of Fig. 178. — It is important to note that such Vucedol influence was unknown in ons of the two groups, briefly shown by me in course of the publication of the Ökörhalom type cemeteries.

45 The angular shape of the biconical, onehandled jugs and store-jars, regarded as the dominant vessel form the Ökörhalom type, is a close relative of the 1. a/l^-a/2 jug forms of Somogy vár. Also the moustache ornament supporting their handles is found on them, just as on one of the Nezsider jugs. The shap° of the two-handled small jugs with cylindrical necks, occurring in the Ökörhalom cemeterie.;, is related to the small-size varieties of the Somogyvár form 3 (Ljubljana, PI. XVII no. 10). There is no need mention the relationship of the one-handled jugs of 1/b type. Finally I refer to the analogy of the zigzag ornament of 1 to 3 lines, incised on a part of the Ökörhalom vessels. These doubtless parallels are not adequately explained yet. A part of them may be regarded as Somogyvár impact on Nagyrév, i.e. as an element of the formation of specific Nagyrév pottery, emphasized by me earlier. However, they may equally grow out of some common roots, awaiting identification by future research. Still it may be stated already that the intercourse was maintained in one direction, as the Somogyvár group does not show any definite Nagyrév influence. This statement has also a chronological value, thus the appearance of the Somogyvár group must have preceded the evolution of the ökörhalom type, the hitherto known earliest pure formation of the Nagyrév culture. To sum up. According to the hitherto known data the Somogyvár group appears in the square between the Danube and the Drave in connection with the latest (perhaps Kostolac) period of the Pécel culture, closing the Late Copper Age Pécel period. There is a sharp cleavage between both cultures. Somogyvár settlements and cemeteries are self-standing in most cases. The extension of the group in Eastern — North-Eastern Transdanubia and South-Western Slovakia may have been barred by the evolution of the Makó group definCentral Germany so far, it has not been observed in Thuringia either, at least till the latest yars (cf. e. g. G. LOEWE: Kataloge zur mitteldeutschen Schnurkeramik I. Thüringen. [Halle 1959] Tables), a few nice complexes have come to light but quite recently in the mounds near the Thuringian Orlemünde. W. SCHRICKEL: Alt-Thüringen 2 (1957) 78—, Fig. 3 no. 2; Fig. 4 no. 4; D. MANIA: Alt Thüringen 5 (1961) 167—, Fig. 2. 44 E. g. H. KNÖLL: Jahresschrift 36 (1952) 15—, Pl. 3 nos 1-2; Pl. 4 nos 1-3. E. SPROCKHOFF: Die nordische Megalithkultur (Berlin-Leipzig 1938) PI. 53 no. 2. For the chronology of the Bernburg-Walternienburg groups, reflecting Somogyvár anfluences, and the corded pottery, showing Makó (Vucedol) impacts, in Central Germany cf. G. MILDENBERGER: Studien zum mitteldeutschen Neolithikum (Leipzig 1953) 56—, 62—, and especially 91-99. 45 I. BONA: Alba Regia 2-3 (1962) 20. 50