Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

V. Dumitrescu was the first to relate our disks, though called „Oszentiván golden disks'' erroneously, to a very significant group of Copper Age jewels, at the occasion of publishing the Habasestz hoard and an analogous plate in it.

181 In his study on the relations of the Habasesti find he repeats essentially the same.

182 He dates them, on the testimony of the Obéba graves, to the Early Bronze Age in both publications. A concrete comparison between the Copper Age golden disks and the gold plates found in „the Bronze Age (Perjámos culture) cemetery of Öbéba (Beba Veche)" is due to P. Patay.

189 He is right in explaining the divergences by the difference in age, he is also right in alluding to their connections, regarding the Óbéba specimens as the Early Bronze Age varieties •evolved out of the Copper Age golden disks. Recently J. Korek has come to the idea to date the golden disks discovered at Csáford (Early Bronze Age products in his judgment, 'equally Copper Age ones actually) by the help •of the Öbéba plates among others; in view of the differences, however, he was right in discarding it.

184 In order to clear up the problem -we have to make a slight digression. V. Mikov was the first to allude to the relation between the Krivodol-Salcu\a pottery, first of all its two-handled vases, and the Jordanov (Jordansmühl) ceramics.

185 A few years later M. V. Garasanin mentioned Jordansmühl together with Lengyel as organic parts of the Balcanic-Anatolian Copper Age complex,

186 then he noticed the close relationship between the two-handled vases of Bubanj, the Bodrogkeresztur cemeteries and the Jordansmühl culture.

187 Analyzing the occurence of the Krivodol-Salcuta-Buban j de pa s amphikypellon types in the Bodrogkeresztur cemeteries, I. Kutzián dealt with the northern examples of both form and decoration; she regarded them as influences from the South.

188 I. Kutzián made three important statements: 1. These southern influences make their first appearance in Hungary in the Bodrogkeresztur horizont, the 181 V. DUMITRESCU: Habasesti 442. 182 Id., Dacia 1 (1957) 77-79. 183 P. PATAY.: Arch. Ért. 85 (1958) 44 and п. 93. .184 J. KOREK: FA 12 (1960) 32-33: id., Jubilary Book of the Göcsej Museum (Zalaegerszeg 1960, in Hungarian) 76-78.— Dating the Csáford find, J. KOREK was right in starting from the sherds.A piece of typical Lengyel character, however,, occurring among the other finds, evidently remained unnoticed by him (op. cit., FA PI. 8 no. 9). Basing his statements on the fragment of handles and not on the Lengyel piece, he classified the find as one of Vucedol pottery. The author of the present study, knowing the sherds, has shown at the same time (Jubilary Book of the Göcsej Museum, p. 86) that the Csáford golden disks cannot be dated to the Bronze Age but, together with the golden disks of Stollhof-Eszék type, they belong io a culture of the flourishing Copper Age of Krivodol-Salc.iia-Bubanj-Jordanov character, joining the late Lengyel flourishing Copper Age. 2. They are felt in Western Hungary too, though the Bodrogkeresztur culture did not extend so far. 3. After the Late Copper Age Pécel culture, a period sterile from this point of wiev depas varieties developped further in the pottery of the same southern circle appear at Óbéba and Pitvaros at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. Recognizing the self-standing Pitvaros group and analyzing its vase forms, we have come to the result (supported by details too) that the two-handled mugs, representing the leading form of Pitvaros ceramics, are derived from the Krivodol-Salcuta-Bubanj pottery as a matter of fact; they do not reach the „Nagyrév cemeteries" of the Maros region, however, only as influence but as organic parts of this complex, migrating to the north. This leads to the logical conclusion that the connections between the Copper Age golden and copper disks on. one hand and the Öbéba gold plates on the other must root much deeper than to allow an explanation by convergent ethnical bases or „influences." It was already in 1958 that we took a finn stand on the connection between the extension of the Krivodol-Salcuta-Jordanov culture from the SE to the NW and the radiation of the Stollhof type disks,

189 regarding the Pitvaros group as the second wave of the same culture, including its two-handled vases, rolled bracelets, spectacle-shaped spiral pendants and naturally gold plates too. We dated the first wave to the age of the Bodrogkeresztur culture, the second to the beginning of the Bronze Age.

190 Proceeding with our investigations, let us inquire on the relations of our Copper Age and Bronze Age disks in more detail. As a preliminary we .mention the two views expressed on their meaning so far. Publishing the Progar gold plate, Ks. Vinski-Gasparini has called the attention to its feature of symbolizing a woman and simplifying the idols.

191 The gold plate idol from the Bulgarian Kasla-Deré (of the Gumelnita culture) quoted by him and another specimhorizon. This holds good also of the sherds of unknown type and complex in Western Hungary naturally. A similar view has been vented also by N. KALICZ, enlisting the Csáford disks „in a late phase of the Lengyel culture, to be regarded as parallel to the Bodrogkeresztur one" (Aroh. Ért. 89 (1962) 243). At the same time I have repeated my mentioned view in a more decided form (Arch. Ért. 89 (1962) 277). 185 V. MIKOV: RP 1 (1948) 57. 186 M. V. GARASANIN: GZMS 9 (1954) 38. 187 M. V. GARASANIN: Rad VM 5 (1956) 13 and Table. 188 I. KUTZIÄN: op. cit. 155. 189 I. BONA: Middle Bronze Age (1958), DissArch. 2 (1960) 50-51; AUSBSH 3 (1961) 8-9. 190 Jubilary Book of the Göcsej Museum 86; Arch. Ért. HS (1962) p. 89. Ш KS. VINSKI-GASPARINI; VAHD 56-57 (1956-57) 8-9. 2* 35