Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

followed not only in the later periods of Troy

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08 but also in the European settlements of the Troian culture near the Aegean Sea, at Junacite,

rm or (in a larger size corresponding to grave 7 at Óbéba) at Saratse;

liQ further the graves R at Leukas

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1 are yielding a large number of golden lock-rings.

142 Evidently belonging to the Nagyrév period, as it is proved by the golden lock-ring excavated in the Alsónémedi cemetery

143 of the Nagyrév culture. The copper and bronze analogies of pur golden lock-rings might be quoted from an even larger circle, the presented gold specimens will suffice, however, to prove that the golden lock-rings of the Pitvaros group are the products of the Balcanic

—Anatolian Early Bronze Age. They are appearing in Hungary at the first time with the peoples immigrating from, the south at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, i. e. the Somogyvár, Nagyrév and Pitvaros groups. 5. Bronze dagger. It is at Pitvaros that we meet the prototype of later Bronze Age development for the first time, a smallsize dagger with a rounded upper end, two holes for the nails and without any shaft prolongation (PL V no. 13). Its contemporary parallels may be mentioned from the northern part of the Balcans: from Velika Humska Сика

1Ш and the burial-mound 12 at Belotic.

145 A specimen found at Manfredonia,

li6 possibly carried to Italy across the Adriatic Sea, alludes to the probability of its Balcanic production. 6. Panpipe-shaped bronze ornament. In the Pitvaros cemetery it generally serves as an ornament" of a headdress or diadem (PI.TV no. 18; Pl. VII/A no. 12). Judged by the Western Asian portrayals of the nun> erous diadems or headdresses covered with knobs, rossettes and quadrangular ornaments, well known from the second millennium,

147 the object is doubtless derived from Anatolia and Syria. This is testified by a jewel portion presented from the Palestinian Tell el 'Aggul,

148 consisting of Panpipe-shaped plates of 3 tubes each, stitched one beside the other. It id., Archaelogia 87 (1937) 217—, Fig. 21 nos 12, 25-26. 138 H. SCHMIDT: op. cit. nos 5903, 5978, 6014-15. 139 V. MIKOV: GPNB 1937-39, 55—, Fig. 14. 140 W. A. HEURTLEY-G. RALEIGH RADFORD: ABSA 30 192830) 113—, Fig. 31; W. A. HEURTLEY : Prehistoric Macedonia, henceforth PM, (Cambridge 1939) Fig. 73 qq. 141 P. GOESSLER: (W. Dörpfeld, Alt-Ithaka, München 1927) Fig. 60. 142 J. BANNER—I. BONA—L. MARTON: op. cit. 108, Fig. 12 E nos 1-3. 143 N. KALICZ: Arch. Ert.. 84 (1957) 130-131, PI. 23 no. 21. 144' D. GARASANIN: Arch. Youg., 1 (1954) 22. Fig. 4. M. V. GARASANIN: BRGK op. cit. Fig. 11 no. 1. 145 M. V. and D. GARASANIN: Arch. Youg. 2 (1956) 11, Fig. 3. M. V. GARASANIN: op. cit. Fig. 11 no. 4. 146 N. VALMIN: Das adria

tische Gebiet im Vor-und Friihbronzezeit (Lund—Leipzig 1939) Fig. 51 no. 18. is occurring also in the Nagyrév graves in a form corresponding to the Pitvaros specimens.

149 These may be well distinguished from the later Panpipe-shaped plates of Kisapostag and Vatya, derived from the Nagyrév basis. 7. Fayence beads. (PL IV nos 5, 7, 12, 16, 20, 22, 24; PL VII no. 10). We find their flat, lentil-like shape, occurring at Óbéba, and Pitvaros, in the Kulcs graves of the Nagyrév culture,

150 in a grave of contracted burial uncovered at Tószeg—Ökörhalom

151 and the Nagyrév graves of the Kisapostag cemetery.

152 The greenish glass-paste or fayence beads respectively come doubtless from the Ancient East. They appear in Mesopotamia in the Jemdet Nasr period

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53 already, in Egypt in pre-dinastic and early dynastic times,

154 and (in quite similar shape as our specimens) at Alishar

155 and Tarsus

156 in the Chalcolithic Age already. Unfortunately we cannot date the simple type in the Ancient East, in the Danube region ours are the first ones at any rate. They precede the star-shaped and segmented fayence bead-types, appearing in large numbers from the second half of our Early Bronze Age.

157 8. Bone pin. (PL IV nos 15, 16, 25, 26, 33, 34). It is a general phenomenon of the Early Bronze Age not only in our group but in the Nagyrév culture and the early phases of the Perjámos culture too. Compared with Anatolia or the Balcans, the Early Bronze Age bone pins in Hungary do not prove a lower cultural level in themselves, as at Alishar, Kusura, Thermi, Troy, Moravica, Gniljane, Ruse, Balbunar, Deneva Mogila and Bubanj etc. these eyelet pins carved of the tibiae of birds are just as frequent phenomena as with us, beside the pins of bronze. 9. Shells and snails. They are appearing earlier already in the cultures of southern origin of the Southern Great Plain. They are very frequent in the Copper Age settlements of the Balcans. Their Bronze Age occurrence in masses in the Danube region was mentioned, in connection with Óbéba, already by 147 H. Th. BOSSERT: Altanatolien (Berlin 1942) Figs. 731, 735, 742, 754, 791, 794, 883, 888, 889, 931; id., Altsyrien (Tübingen 1951) Figs. 551-552, 922, 937, 951, 983. 148 AfO 9 (1934) 360. Fig. 18. 149 I. BONA: Alba Regia 1 (1960) PL 8 no. 5. 150 Ibid. PI. 7 nos 1-2, 4-5, 15-16, 18. 151 J. BANNER—I. BONA—L. MARTON: op. cit. 139. Fig. 29 no. 4. 152 A. MOZSOLICS: Arch Hung. 26 (1942) PI. 5 nos 46-48. 153 P. ASTRÖM: op. Cit. 255. 154 H. С. BECK—J. F. STONE- Archaeologia 85 (1936) 207—, PI. 67 Fig. 3. 155 H. H. VON DER OSTEN: The Alishar Höyük III, 345, Fig. 268 (A. L. Perkins). 156 H. GOLDMAN: op. cit. Fig. 455 no. 7. 157 Cf. to the latter I. BONA: The Middle Bronze Age, under the heading Fayence Beads. 2 Alba Regia 33