Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)
Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.
the Ancient Eastern origin of the form absolutely certain. 112 3. Torques (PI. VIII no. 1). In Central Europe the torques bent of a thin copper or tin-poor bronze wire, having recoiled ends, appears at the boundary of Copper Age and Early Bronze Age. In Part II of our study we shall deal with their occurrence in the interior of the Balcans, in the burial-mounds at Klinci and Zarub, trying to connect the migration of the Somogyvár group folk towards the NW and the appearence of the torques in the latest, Lower Austrian graves of the Pécel culture, in grave 1 at Leobersdorf and the Lichtenwörth grave. Such a torques appears in grave 4 at the Transylvanian Marosdécse Ui at the boundary of Copper Age and Early Bronze Age. Its influx may have happend in masses along the route Lower Danube — Olt — Maros, as it is proved by the hoards containing torqueses: that of Predeal (Prahova) having 5 pieces and that of the Várhegy at Déva consisting of 10. J. Nestor is right in attaching the hoards to the Glina III complex, as regards their origin, however, he vacilates between a local and a Central European derivation. ш Nevertheless his generally accepted thesis of a local origin, and the more so that of a Central European derivation is entirely untenable, refuted most decidedly by several facts: 1. The torques has no antecedent in the rich material of the copper industry of South Eastern Europe in the Cooper Age. 2. The object appears in the region of the Middle Danubian Basin at least one and a half century earlier than the beginning of the Central European bronze industry. 3. Its Anatolian —Syrian precursors are known between 2100 and 1900 in masses. The Ancient Eastern centre their production may have been Northern Syria. At Byblos one of Montet's hoards 115 contained 8, the other 1 "' 1 pieces, one of the hoards in the 112 The supposition of F. TOMPA: History of Budapest I (Budapest 1942, in Hungarian) p. 56 on the local or respectively Aunjetitz origin of the rolled-necked Cypriot pins is chronologically untenable. These pins are frequent in the Ancient East in the third millennium already, they appear in Southern Hungary in the nineteenth century, while they are extended in Central Europe in the eighteenth and seveteenth centuries only, evidently from the South-East. 113 I. KOVÁCS: Közlemények 4 (1944) 17, Fig. 5 no. 2. 114 J. NESTOR: Dacia 9 1» (1941-44) 165-181, especially 176 and 180, Figs 1-4. 115 C. F. A. SCHAEFFER: op. cit. Pl. XVI no. 2. 116 Ibid. Fig. 58 K. 117 Ibid. Fig. 59 F-H. 118 Ibid. Fig. 61 K. 119 M. DÜNAND: op. cit. Pl. 82 no. 18351; Pl. 122 nos 14462-64; Pl. 138 nos 17694-96. 120 Ibid. Pl. 76 no. 10778. 121 Ibid. 203. Fig. 213 nos 8586-87; Pl. 182 no. 8995. 122 С. F. A. SCHAEFFFER: Ugaritica II (Paris 1949) 55-120, Fig. 21 and Pl. 12 no. 30: id. Stratigraphie Pl. 5. 123 С. F. A. SCHAEFFER: Ugaritica II Fig. 22. and StratigSyrian temple 117 had 4, the other also 118 1, further numerous specimens (even golden ones) came to light from the three hoards of the Obelisk temple, 119 the r f hoard 120 and other spots of the settlement. 121 These sacrificial hoards have been deposited in the period between 2100 and 1900. We find the torques at Ras Shamra in grave L, dated to the same time, 122 among equally coeval bronze objects, 12 " 3 further on numerous silver statues of the time between 2800 and 1800, wearing such small-size golden torqueses on their necks. 124 There are contemporary or somewhat older specimens at Qualat-er-Rous, 125 El Hammam, 12 ® Hama 121 and in the stonecist graves of Tell Soukas. 128 In the Ishtar temple of Mari l2i) it has come to light from a layer of the third millennium, at Kahun 13 ® among the finds of the Twelfth Dynasty. In the Copper Age grave dx 14 at the Anatolian Alishar xm it was found around the neck of the skeleton, equally known here in the Hittite period as well. 132 In spite of any contrary opinion, these parallels prove the Western Asian origin of the torques and the chronological priority of this area unequivocally. The specimens of the Danubian region derive their from too from this Western Asian type; the age of most Western Asian pieces dates their appearence to a time shortly after 1900. ' 4. Golden lock-rings. (PI. V nos 1—6; Pl. VI nos 2—3; Pl VII/A nos 1—2; Pl. VIII no. 4). In the Danubian region their earliest instance is known from the Nezsider burial-mound of the Somogyvár group. 133 Their Western Asian — Balcanic origin suffers no doubt. We meet the several times coiled type already in the third millennium at Ur rM and Mari. 135 Rolled golden lockrings are find in Anatolia in various types; in graves R, M of the royal cemetery at Alaça, 1 ' 6 at Kusura m7 and the „Priamos" hoard belonging to Troy II. Their use maybe raphie PI. 8, further Fig. 56 no 14. 124 Id. Ugaritica II Pl. 18-21. 125 Id., Ugaritica II 106, Fig. 38; Stratigraphie PI. lä. 126 Id., Stratigraphie Fig. 79 A. 127 E. FUGMAN: Hama (Kobenhavn 1958), period J (2400-2000) Fig. 106 no. 5 A 831. 128 С F. A. SCHAEFFER: Stratigraphie 44. 129 A. PARROT: Le Temple d'Istar, Missions de Mari I (Paris 1956) 186, PI. 64 no. 605. 150 С F. A. SCHAEFFER, Stratigraphie Fig. 53 no. 6. 131 H. H. VON DER OSTEN: The Alishar Hüyük (Chicago 1937) I, Fig. 144 d 1100 a. 132 Id., vol II Fig. 134. С F. A. SCHAEFFER: Stratigraphie Fig. 194 no. 7 publishes a specimen with a rolled end, datable between 1900 and 1750. 133 R. PITTIONI: MAGW 73-74 (1947) 225—, PI. 2. Id., Urgeschichte des österreichischen Raumes, (henceforth ÜDÖR) (Wien 1954) pp. 182-184, Fig. 121. 134 V. G. CHILDE: New Light 193-194, PI. 19 b; PI. 20 a. Г;3 A. PARROT: op. cit. 172, Pl. 62 nos 639-40. 136 R. O. ARIK: Alaça Höyük Hafriyati (Ankara 1937) PI. 231 nos 998-999. 137 W. LAMB: Archaeolog'ia 86 (1936) 1. Fig. 19 no. 9 (layer С); 32
