Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

The pointed cover is a general Aegean-Anatolian-Balcanic form (Pi. Ill no. 9), as it is proved by the precursors of our specimen at Thermi III,

91 Troy IV and V,

92 the Bulgarian Gniljane settlement,

9394 Veselinovo

m and finally Salcu\a.

№ On the testimony of the parallels stated above I regard the folk developing the Pitvaros group as a people of the Late Copper Age on the Lower Danube. Since there in no antecedent of their material culture in the Maros region, they must be immigrants here. As to pottery the basic forms they brought along are the two-handled mugs, some bowl shapes and the pointed cover. Their ceramics came under strong Nagyrév influence along the Tisza, as it is shown beside the imported Nagyrév vases by the amalgamation of several Nagyrév elements both as to forms and decoration. The hitherto known cemeteries of the Pitvaros group belong to the period of this local development and mixture.

97 Burial. In spite of the strong local influence and the antecedents the Pitvaros group conserved its inhumation burial, its cemeteries show no trace of cremation burial. Their contraction burial corresponds to the rite of the graves of the Salcuta culture at Ostrovul, Corbului and Dolj,

9S further in the NW

— Bulgarian tells Balbunar

m and jRuse.

100 Bronze and gold finds. Metal jewels and weapons appearing in the Early Bronze Age of South Eastern Europe aj-e derived from the Ancient East without exception. Our analysis, however, will distinguish between forms occurring at the begin91 W. LAMB-R. W. HUTCHINSON: ABSA 30 (1928-30) Fig. 192. no. 1. 92 C. W. BLEGEN: op. cit: PL 169 nos 33, 133 and PL 243 nos 32, 27. 93 N. PETKOV: GNM 5 (1926-31) 115—; Fig. 52. 94 N. PETKOV: IAI 17 (1950) 157—; Fig. 104. 95 V. MIKOV: IAI 13 (1939) 195—; Fig. 267 e. 96 D. BERCIU: Contributii Fig. 84 no. 6. 97 For all those who might not be satisfied with the examples quoted for the Salcuta-Krivodol origin of the twohandled Pitvaros vases, I may refer to the material uncovered in a few pits of the Hunyadi-mound, Hódmezővásárhely (GY. TÖRÖK: Dolg. 11 [1935] 153-158, PL 28-29). Even in lack of comparative material, J. Banner gave a faultless chronological revision of these finds, dating them on the testimony of the Proto-Nagyrév or Nagyrév fragment among them to the beginning of the Bronze Age (Arch. Ért. [1940] pp. 20-23, PL 7). Down to the smallest details, the very special complex is identical with the finds called Salcuta IV by Berciu (of. Contributi pp. 16, Figs 143-145, 147, further V. MIKOV: RP 1 (1948) Fig. 24, Fig. 26 no. 6; Fig. 36 no. 1). In -spite of this I did not connect the Salcuta type material of the settlement on Hunyadi-mound with the cemeteries of the Pitvaros group, for the reason that is no unequivocal relation between the published sherds of the settlement and grave ceramics so far. The fact, however, that the finds of the Nagyrév group do not occur on the left bank of the Tisza to the south of Hódmezővásárhely, while a typical „Salcuta" handle was found among the finds of Nagyrév type at Tószeg in 1907 (J. BANNER—I. BONA—.L MAB1 ning of the second millennium only and those which became familiar in Europe in the se: cond half of the third millennium, during the flourishing Copper Age. Let us begin with the former: j 1. Diadem made of plate. I have dealt with the origin of the diadem found in [ grave 2 at Törökkanizsa, known by a description only, in detail earlier.

101 Together with the first diadems of plate occurring in s the Late Copper Age (Vukovar, Vörs) it may be derived from the Byblos type

102 dated bet[ ween 2100 and 1900. The diadem of Alaça is j a connecting link in the extension of the type r to the West.

103 I 2. „С

ypriot" pin with a rolled • neck. (PI. V no. 10; PL VII no. 7). An ageL old form of the Ancient East (type A/1 of Childe). It is equally found in various cemet1 eries of pre-dynastic Egypt (Badari grave 3932, Hemanieh grave 1647, Negade graves 162, 293, 1233, Armant)

m and in the Mesopotamien Ur, in layer VI (Jemdet Nasr) of Tepé Gaura

m or in layer III of Tepé Hissar (the last third of the third millennium).

106 Both geographically and chronologically nearer are the specimens of Cyprus (Middle Cypriot I, 2100 to 1900)

107 and of the Syrian Byblos,

m where the pin appears between 2300 and 2100 already, occurring also in the period between 2100 and 1900. Further to the West we meet it in the coeval settlements of Tarsus

m and Troy II to V.

110 Specimens exactly identical with the Pitvaros ones, bent in a semicircle came to light in Yougoslavia.

111 Both cronological data and the route of extension make TON: op. cit. Fig. 17 no. 9), supports the possibility of some connection affér all. 98 D. BERCIU: APO p. 71, Figs 81-82. 99 V. MIKOV: IAI 4 (1926-27) 251, Fig. Ill (map of the cemetery). 100 G. GEORGIEV—

N. ANGELOV: op. cit. 112-124, Figs 70-74. 101 I. BONA; Arch. Ért. 86 (1959) 55, 59. 102 M. CHEHAB: Atti del 1° Congresso . . . Firenze—Napoli— Roma 1950. (Firenze 1952) 128-139, Figs 2, 4; С F. A. SCHAEFFER: Stratigraphie Comparée et Chronologie de l'Asie Occidentale (London 1948) Fig. 58 no. 9; Fig. 59 no. 7. 103 H. ZÜBEYR KOSAY: Alaça Höyük Hafriyati (Ankara 1938) PL 82 MA 33. 104 F. MASSOULARD: Préhistoire et Protohistoire d'Egypte (Paris 1949) 211, 250, n. 176, further PL 67 Fig. 67; V. G. CHILDE: New Light on the Most Ancient East (London 1934) 72, Fig. 22 no. 1. 105 P. ASTRÖM: The Middle Cypriot Bronze Age (Lund 1957) 250. 106 С F. A. SCHAEFFER: op. cit. Fig. 239 no. 1. 107 P. ASTRÖM: op. cit. Fig. 12 no. 28. 108 С F. A. SCHAEFFER: op. cit. Fig. 68 no. 27; M. DUNAND: Fouilles de Byblos II (Paris 1954) PL 179 nos 11525, 18033. 109 H. GOLDMAN: Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus. (Princeton 1956) II, PL 430 no. 179. 110 H. SCHMIDT: Heinrich Schliemann's Sammlung Troianischer Altertümer (Berlin 1902) no. 6403-4; С W. BLEGEN: Troy II/l PL 357 (of gold). 111 D. GARASANIN: Katalog metala (Belgrad 1954) 72. PL 45 nos 7-8. 31