Hatházi Gábor - Kovács Gyöngyi: A váli gótikus templom. Adatok Vál 14 -17. századi történetéhez - Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei. B. sorozat 45. (Székesfehérvár, 1996)
Felhasznált irodalom
2), accounting for about 6 to 7 per cent of the finds. The bulk of the post-medieval finds can be assigned to the period of the Turkish palisade fortress and its 17th century destruction layer; this assemblage proved to be extremely rich, comprising well-datable items. The COPPER WARES from pit 4 (Figs 19-22) form the most impressive, well-circumscribable assemblage not only of the finds from this pit, but also of the Turkish finds from Vál. These finds include a cauldron (bakraç), a drinking cup (maçrapa), a ewer (ibrik), pedestalled bowls (sahcm), a baking pan (tepsi), a large round platter with a rosette motif of punctates (sitii), as well as vessel fragments, rim fragments and the frieze ornaments with a series of openwork triangles. Comparable finds can be quoted partly from Anatolia, but the best parallels come from the Balkans, even if the bulk of the comparative material dates to the 18th-20th centuries; these analogies shed light on the origins and probable workshops in which they were manufactured since few workshops producing copper items have yet been identified in Hungary. The Val vessels were probably manufactured in a Balkanic, perhaps a Bosnian, traditional workshop; although this assumption remains tentative without the closer inspection of the 16th-17th century comparative finds from the Balkans. The copper vessels from Vál represent an important assemblage of provincial, late Ottoman copperwork in Hungary from the second half of the 17th century. In contrast to the Turkish copper wares and pottery finds, IRON ARTEFACTS from Vál (Fig. 30) were much fewer in number, and generally represent types that are well-known among the finds of the 15th-17th century assemblages in Hungary. The so-called brooch type padlock, the hoe, the horsehoe and the heel plates are types fairly common throughout the late medieval and postmedieval periods. Heel plates comparable to the Vál finds are generally dated to the 16th century and are considered accessories of a footwear type that became popular in the 16th century. No comparable finds can be quoted for the knife, that can be seen as a late 17th century product. The weapons (Fig. 37. 4-5) belong to the collection of the local parish, and they were said to have been found in the castle area. POTTERY. Hand-made pottery. The large baking lids and their fragments (Figs 31. 1,5; 34. 8; 35. 4) are without exception thick-walled and coarse, tempered with chaff; their interior remained coarse, with well-visible imprints of larger and smaller pebbles. The widespread use of baking lids (called vrsnik in modem Serbian) in the Balkans during the 18th-20th centuries suggests that this vessel became common in Hungary during the Turkish occupation period through the mediation of immigrant Balkanic (mainly southern Slav) groups. Hand-thrown pottery. The hand-thrown pots from Vál (Figs 27. 1; 35. 5) include some smaller sherds and some larger rim, body and basal fragments from pit 4. Coarse, hand-thrown pots tempered with small pebbles or sand were more widespread in southern Transdanubia during the Turkish occupation period in Hungary. Comparable finds can be quoted from the former Yugoslav area where similar hand-thrown vessels ornamented with incised or impressed patterns, and the occasional stamp on their bottom, appeared in the 8th century, surviving to this day. The pots of this type in Turkish-dominated Hungary can be linked to the garrisons of the Turkish forts that were in large number recruited from the Balkans, mainly from the south Slavic population. Pottery made on the foot-wheel. Pots with glazed interior, often with a collared rim (Fig. 25.4,6), represent one specific group of local Hungarian pottery production. One intact specimen, recovered from pit 4, represents the classical form of this vessel type (which, however, can be assigned to cups in terms of its height), while a restored pot from surface 1986/III, may have come from the upper layer of pit 4. The closest parallels to the intact cup and the restored pot can be found among the vessels of the later 17th century. The other major group of local pottery comprises red or light red unglazed pots (Fig. 23. 1-2) and their fragments, whose majority was recovered from pit 4. Their clay was tempered with tiny pebbles. Comparable pots were current from the 15th to the late 17th century in Hungary. One-handled cups are represented by two specimens (Fig. 25. 5-6), the one described in the above, and another one from surface 1986/ÜI, that perhaps comes from the upper part of pit 4. The latter can probably be seen as a Balkano-Turkish product. Bowls and plates. Aside from a few ewers, jug fragments and stove tiles, glazed Turkish pottery is represented by sherds of pedestalled bowls. The single restorable bowl (Fig. 25. 3) of the Vál excavations comes from pit 4. The pedestalled bowl fragments from Vál are generally monochrome (green, brown or yellow glazed), and one fragment (Fig. 35. 9) can probably be assigned to the category of pseudo-sgraffito ornamented bowls. The pedestal fragment with sgraffito decoration (Fig. 37. 7) in the collection of the Catholic parish church is a stray find from the territoy of the one-time fortress. Local, Hungarian bowls and plates include a plate with a suspension loop ornamented with "written" (painted) floral design (Fig. 25. 2), whose fragments came to light partly from the destruction layer in surface 1986/III, and partly from pit 4. Its form and ornamentation date it to the late 17th century and early 18th century. Jugs, ewers. Surprisingly enough, few fragment of glazed ewers (Figs 34. 3; 37. 3) were found at Vál, even though these clay ewers were rather common in Turkish households, and their diffusion can in fact be linked to the Turkish conquests and expansion. Comparable finds from the Balkans suggest a Balkanic origin for this vessel type. Interestingly enough, the distribution of glazed Turkish ewers - even though attested throughout the Turkish-occupied territories - is by no means even. Fragments of "black pottery" are few in number and tend to be simple, unomamented body sherds. Two fragments of black and greyish-black jugs fired in a reduced atmosphere (Fig. 37. 1-2) come from the parish collection and represent one type of Turkish (Balkano-Turkish) jugs. The fragment brought to light during the excavation (Fig. 34. 7) could equally well have been made by a Turkish or Hungarian potter. The Habán jug fragment (Figs 28. 8,11 ; 34. 6) can be dated to the second half or end of the 17th century. The reddish-brown wide-mouthed milk-jug with everted rim from pit 4 (Figs 25. 1; 28. 9) represent a less frequent type in the Vál assemblage. The body of these jugs is ornamented with fine oblique channeling and, occasionally, with lighter or stronger white painting. This vessel type is definitely a local Hungarian product of the later 17th century, appearing in 17th-18th century contexts on other sites. Two restored two-handled storage jars from pit 4 (Fig. 23. 3-4) are not infrequent types in the Turkish occupation period assemblages from Hungary, for they are often found in association with other Turkish finds. A parallel to the green-glazed jar can be 70
