Fitz Jenő (szerk.): The Celts in Central Europe - István Király Múzeum közelményei. A. sorozat 20. A Pannon konferenciák aktái 2. (Székesfehérvár, 1975)

J. V. S. Megaw: The orientelizing theme in early celtic art: East or West

Fig. il —10: 9 = ’ L’Homme Mort’, Somme-Bionne, Marne. Belt hook;

10 = Este, Fondo Rebato, gr. 152. Belt hook. (Fig. 5-10 drawings after F re y.)

animal(84) {Pl. VI,5). Again, horned and winged monsters have a long history in Western Asia(85) but in Italy are probably influenced by Corinthian or ,Rhodian’ sources. In the Celtic world the backwardlooking heraldic horned griffon can be seen as part of somewhat David-and-Goliath-like potnos therion scene on the ,Ticino’ class of open-work girdle-hook. This type, as I have demonstrated in discussing the Hallstatt brooch, is concentrated in the south Swiss flat -grave area with extensions into northern Italy {PL VI,6) and one outlier at the important trading centre of Ensérune, Hérault {Pl. VI,7) The last from a site again with ,Marnian’ belt-hooks, comes from grave 41 and was associated with an early fourth-century Attic red-figure cup by the Jena Painter)86).

This small but clearly localised group of material demonstrates perhaps even more tellin gly than such otherwise unique pieces as the Hallstatt scabbard, the ability of individual Celtic craftsfarces entre from any possible direct oriental (or indeed nomadic) influence to weld ,orientalizing’ themes into their own particular world of strange imagery. Switzerland is, as noted at the outset, beyond the area of both western and eastern Fürstengräber groups. Occasionally however ,princely’ art reaches this region, the most notable case

(84) EC A, no. 982; AEIA, no. 72.

(85) X. K. Sandars, o. c., Antiquity, XLV, 1971, 108 — 9; incidentally I do not know of the evidence for a possible twin to the Dürrnberg flagon as suggested by X. K. Sandars, o. c.

(86) EC A, no. 962; J. Jannoray, Ensérune. . . Bibi, des

Ecoles française d’Athènes et de Rome, CLXXXI,

1951, 994 — 6, fig. 40 and PI. LVII, 1 ; J. V. S. Megaw,

o. c., ArchAustr, L, 1971, no. 9 and Abb. 9c.

being of course the Erstfeld, Kt. Uri gold find which scussed by Dr. W y s s, significantly in the context of transalpine trade. Suffice it to note that the stylistic relationship between Erstfeld and other Fürstengrab gold metal-work such as the Rodenbach ring, and those from the Rheinheim, Kr. St. Ingbert princess’s grave and Zerf. Ldkr. Saarberg are surely close enough to think in terms of a common workshop tradition — only the detailed technological analysis is absent(87). Certainly one of many outstanding problems is if we accept the ,orientalizing’ elements of Rodenbach and Erstfeld as being received through Italy we really need more tangible proof of early La Tène craftsmen based on the Hunsrück- Eifel-Middle Rhine region travelling south.

A few more details: the backward-looking ibex of Rodenbach (PI. V,3) — Achaemenian or merely second-hand Italic ,orientalizing’ ? — have cloven hoofs like those of the Dürrnberg flagon rim monsters, who, despite the temptation to see otherwise, have Italian beards rather than protruding limbs hanging from their underlip (PI. V,4). The pointed shoes of the Erstfeld semi- or supermen {PI. V,5) though Anatolian in origin are more likely to be a fashion borrowed from Italy since not only do we find the style on Etruscan wall-painting but on the Hallstatt scabbard (PI. 1,4), the Manet in brooch (PI. 1,3) and as actual miniatures on môrê than half-a-dozen Celtic brooches from Dürrnberg (once again!) and elsewhere north of the Alps(88 *) as well as forming a tiny pendant from Este, Fondo Costa Martini, grave 43('80).

(87) J. V. S. Megaw, u. r., World Arch., III/9, 1972, 278-80. and PI. 20.

(88) F. Schwappach, Schnabelschuhe in östlichen Frühlatènebereich. PA. LVIII, 1967, 320 — 4.

(89) O.-H. Frky, o. c., in n. 60, Abb. 9:1.

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