Fitz Jenő (szerk.): Die aktuellen Fragen der Bandkeramik - István Király Múzeum közelményei. A. sorozat 18. A Pannon konferenciák aktái 1. (Székesfehérvár, 1972)
J. Nandris: Kapcsolatok a mérsékelt égőr legkorábbi újkőkora és a vonaldíszes kerámia között
ted by the ,,Macedo-Buigarian” region of the First Temperate Neolithic(15) in the second by the northern parts of the Hungarian basin of the Danube and Tisza. The Medina-Nyanyapuszta and Szatmár groups now seem to mediate between the First Temperate Neolithic and the Bandkeramik, in both the northern Tiszántúl and southern Pannónia. In and north of this one enters the zone of glacial and forest soils, including the peri-glacial loesses, to which Bandkeramik agricultural practice was necessarily adapted. While deciduous forest is also characteristic in many parts of the First Temperate area it is predominant in the Bandkeramik regions, whence it grades northwards into the coniferous zone. A particularly important adaptation shared by the farming economies of both the First Temperate and Bandkeramik cultures is the selective adaptation to well-drained soils. This contrasts sharply with the preferences for water-retentive soils shown by Near Eastern and Mediterranean farmers and is a major adaptive feature of the European neolithic, initiated in these two great primary provinces. Drainage, rather than simply afforestation, is perhaps one reason for the correlations observed between Bandkeramik sites and loessic soils, although Bandkeramik sites are no more restricted to these than are Cucuteni-Tripolje sites to the Chernozem. There is simply a high, and in fact selective, correlation. Other adaptations certainly occurred in plant species and agricultural practices, but the state of the evidence is not such that one can yet make confident pronouncements on this. Nearly every sphere of the neolithic way of life can be approached from this viewpoint once the nature of the problem has been clarified. The gabled roofs of the First Temperate Neolithic houses, attested by 0. Trogmayer’s find of a house model from Lúdvár<16) can be seen as such an adaptation. Nevertheless from Thessaly we now have a house model with a gently gabled roof*171 17 painted in the solid style of the early Sesklo culture. In this respect the connections which can be demonstrated between Sesklo and the First Temperate Neolithic may be of relevance.u8) Many of the traits linking Greece and the First Temperate area, or the First Temperate area and the Bandkeramik area, are the products of human choice and not of the dictates of the environment. The part played by human selectivity superimposed upon biological adaptation should not be underestimated. If we are to assess the nature of the relationship between the First Temperate Neolithic and the very earliest Bandkeramik the mediating areas, which fall largely within modern Hungary, must be crucial. North East Hungary, broadly speaking the middle course of the Tisza to the North of the First Temperate Körös province, is one of these. So also probably (15) J. G. NANDRIS, o. c., Man, June 1970. (16) O. TROGMAYER, A Körös-csoport lakóházáról (On the Dwellings of the Körös Group). AErt 93, 1966, 235-240. (17) Athens Annals of Archaeology 1969, 36—39. (18) J. G. NANDRIS, o. c., Man, June 1970. are the Dunántúl and Western Transylvania, which both have earliest Bandkeramik material. 0. T г о gmaye r<19) has recently pointed out the extension northwards of Körös settlement along the Danube in western Hungary as far as Szakmar near Kalocsa (46° —30" N.) The earliest Bandkeramik material from Zalavár near Keszthely, some 150 kilometres west of this and at about the same latitude, includes pottery which has been compared closely with that of the Körös.<20) The same might be said of material even further west, such as that from Ravelsbach, Niederösterreich, in the Prähistorische Abteilung des Naturhistorischen Museums, Vienna (for showing me this I am much indebted to Frau E. Ruttkay); even in south Germany technologically similar vegetabletempered fabrics are to be found. On a technological and typological basis alone however it is not possible to refine on present views of chronology and interrelationships. Quitta*211 has given a clear resume of the elements of ceramic continuity between the earliest stage of the Bandkeramik (defined by E. Neustupn y(22) and H. Q u i 11 a(23) as preceding the Aèkovy — Flomborn types constituting Soudsky’s phase I) and the Körös and Starcevo pottery, and there seems to be little argument as to the plausibility of this. It is in fact further emphasized by the typology of the Szatmár material, quite apart from stratigraphy. There is no need to repeat the resume, therefore, and in this case resemblance seems to indicate relationship. The argument includes both pottery and figurine material. The argument from figurines is an interesting one. H. Quitta points out that Bandkeramik figurines seem in general to be early,1241 and they are distributed almost exclusively in the western provinces of the Bandkeramik. There are some possible exceptions already to this in the animal heads found on the type of pottery, and N i f u<25> has published the face vessel sherds from Hu$i and Iacobeni in Moldavia. Of these the sherd from Iacobeni comes from the site at „La Sipotel” and could well belong to the Criç material from there. It consists of a relief nose with eyes, nostrils and mouth impressed12®1 and seems to have no specific links in the Bandkeramik. The sherd from Hu§i (on the Prut east of Vaslui;*271) is, on the other hand, much closer to the triangular faces from Tisza and Bandkeramik contexts, but is an isolated (19) O. TROGMAYER, Gazdasági forradalom hatezer évvel ezelőtt. (Economic revolution (i000 years ago). ÉéT 22, 19(57, 2451 - 2455. (20) H. QUITTA, PZ 38, 19(50, 156. (21) ID., Zur Frage der ältesten Bandkeramik in Mitteleuropa. PZ 38, I960, 1-38, 153- 188.; ID., Zur Herkunft des frühen Neolithikums in Mitteleuropa. Varia Archaeologica 16, 1964, 14 — 24. (22) E. NEUSTUPNY, К relativni ehronologii volutoré keramiky. ARoz 8, 1956, 386 — 407. (23) H. QUITTA, o. c., PZ 38, 1960, 1 - 38, 153- 188. (24) Ibid., 169. (25) A. NITU, Reprezentáld umane pe ceramica Cris si Liniara din Moldva, SCTV 19, 1968, 387 — 393. (26) Ibid., fig. 2. (27) Ibid., fig. 3. 65 5 Alba Regia
