Fitz Jenő (szerk.): Die aktuellen Fragen der Bandkeramik - István Király Múzeum közelményei. A. sorozat 18. A Pannon konferenciák aktái 1. (Székesfehérvár, 1972)

R. R. Newell: A hollandiai vonaldíszes kerámia korakő-eszközeinek rokonsága a közéső kőkori kőeszköziparral

of the Younger Oldesloe to include nearly all of Schleswig-Holstein. The distribution of sites over the Northwest European Plain is, as yet, incompletely known. To the west, settlements occur at Barbeskamp, near Hannover<19) Zuid Hijkerzand, Drenthe (Plates 17—19), Kesseleik I (Plates 25 — 30) and Sweykhuizen II in Dutch Limburg (Plates 20 — 24). Stray finds of typical Younger Oldesloe axes are reported from Hohenbostel by Celle19 (20) * 22 23 Reitling near Braunschweig<21> Hemmendorf, kr. Hameln<22) Deurse Diepje, Drenthe, and Bemelen, Echt XXII, and Linné II in Limburg<23).

Industrially, the above settlement sites largely repeat the trends which separated the Younger Oldesloe from the classic culture in Schleswig-Holstein. The points are characterised by higher, straighter backs and greater length. Lanceolates increase in number and are more typically northern in form (Kesseleik, I, PI. 25,1—Í0). Simple microliths are reduced in favour of an increase in trapezes and transverse points. The rhombic trapeze appears for the first time in the west and derived trapezes in the form of C points appear to increase both in number and typological specialization (Kesseleik I, PL 25,38 — 39,50). Transverse points also begin to play an important role. The leading type is the concave sided point (PI. 25; 44, 49; 56). Also, the parallel and oblique forms, seemingly missing in the earlier Western Oldesloe, now appear at Kesseleik I. The transverse weapon is another addition (Zuid Hijkerzand, PI. 17,32). An expansion of the blade industry parallels an improvement of the axe element. There are more axes per site and those are better and more typically fabricated. The most characteristic examples are the flake axes with surface retouched ventral surfaces: Sweykhuizen II (PI. 22,1), Kesseleik I (PI. 30; 2,4). The stray finds from Bemelen, Echt, Linné etc. complete the inventory. The ratio of core and flake axes at the above sites also display a marked departure from Western Oldesloe sites and brings the former into a closer relation with the classic culture area.

Unfortunately no pollen or C14 dates exist for the westerly sites so it is impossible to date them precisely. It is in any case clear that they belong to the Younger phase of the Oldesloe culture and therefore date later then de Leien (5, 280 В, C.). The full chronological range of the culture is not firmly established. Its stratigraphical position below the Ellerbec culture clearly defines its upper temporal extreme. This horizon is dated ca. 4,000 — 3,800 В. C. (Ellerbec у440 4,110+200 B.C. ; Rude 2 у 471 3,670 + 50 В. С., y441a 3,670+200 B.C. ; and Förstermoor 3,830+160 B.C.) However only one Younger Oldesloe level has

(19) H. SCHWABEDISSEN, Die mittlere Steinzeit im westlichen Norddeutschland. Neumünster 1944.

(20) Ibid.

(21 ) Ibid.

(22) Ibid.

(23) R. NEWELL, The Mesolithic Affinities and Typological Relations of the Dutch Bandkeramik Flint Industry. Ph. D. thesis University of London.

been directly dated and published. The site of Faseninsel indicates that this stage was fully formed before 4,200 B.C. and that it flourished in Schleswig-Holstein at the same time that Bandkeramik farmers were inhabiting northern Germany and Holland. In conclusion, it is a reasonable supposition that the Younger phase of the Western Oldesloe culture, in inhabiting the Rhine basin, was also contemporary with the incoming Bandkeramik farmers. In due course, it will be demonstrated that the propinquity and contemporaneity of both populations in the Maas valley led to a significant measure of contact and acculturation. However, before this can be done, it is first necessary to assess the range and scope of the original flint industry which the Bandkeramik people carried with them to Dutch Limburg.

In her excellent article, R. T r i n g h a m(24) * has conclusively demonstrated the limited range and scope of the early Linearbandkeramik flint industries in eastern and central Europe. Microliths are all but absent, borers exceptional, scrapers rare, and discoid tools and flake axes totally absent. Also, along the potential migration routes from the middle Danube basin to the Rhine basin, little change is observed. Contacts with local Mesolithic populations are rare and exceptional and further appear to have exerted no lasting influence upon the migratory agriculturalists. Although the distribution of both populations was mutually exclusive in the south, cont act is in evidence at Lauterach<25) Jägershaushöhle<26) Falkensteinhöhle(27) Jüngernhöhle<28) and Griessen(29,.In the north, Niquet<30) reported a tranchet axe from Eitzum but this tool is clearly a typical of the remainder of the material from the site. Therefore, we can only conclude that the earliest migrating Bandkeramik peoples approached the lower Rhine basin with an undifferentiated, simple flint industry, which was based upon wide blades. These wide blades were used principally for sickle-blades, knives, and rare scrapers and borers. Furthermore, these blades are common to the whole Bandkeramik configuration from Köln — Lindenthal to Bylany and are reported to contrast sharply with blades manufactured by blade and trapeze-based Mesolithic populations.<31)

(24) R. TRINGHAM, o.c.

(25) W. TAUTE, Das Felsdach Lautereck. Eine Mesolithisch-neolithisch-bronzezeitliehe Stratigraphie an der Oberen Donau. Palaeohistoria 12, 1966.

(26) ID., Grabung zur mittleren Steinzeit in Höhlen und unter Felsdächern der Schwäbischen Alb, 1961 bis 1965. Fundbericbte aus Schwaben N. F. 18, 1967.

(27) E. PETERS, Das Mesolithikum der oberen Donau. Germiina 18, 1934.

(28) O. KUNKEL, Die Jungfernhöhle bei Tiefenellern. München 1955.

(29) E. GERSBACH, Ein Harpunenbruchstück aus einer Grube der jüngeren Linearbandkeramik. Germania 34, 1956.

(30) F. NIQUET, Die Probegrabungen auf der frühbandkeramischen Siedlung bei Eitzum, Kr. Wolfenbüttel. Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Niedersachsen I. Hildesheim 1963.

(31) R. TRINGHAM, o.c.

2 Alba Regia

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