Fitz Jenő (szerk.): Die aktuellen Fragen der Bandkeramik - István Király Múzeum közelményei. A. sorozat 18. A Pannon konferenciák aktái 1. (Székesfehérvár, 1972)

R. R. Newell: A hollandiai vonaldíszes kerámia korakő-eszközeinek rokonsága a közéső kőkori kőeszköziparral

and Oblique forms increase, complementing the opposite trend described for the Short Scrapers. Clearly this increase in Period II represents a replacement of the contemporaneously reduced Short Scraper types. The last type-group which exhibits this characteristic internal alteration is the Discoid Scrapers. Unfortunately, the number of specimens is too small to evaluate the changes within the various Sub-Periods. Nevertheless, the change from Period I to II is most characteristic of the internal discontinuities documented for the above type-groups. In Period II, the Keeled Scrapers increase sharply, the Large Discoid Scrapers are reduced by almost a third while the Small Keeled Scrapers increase from 14% to 20%.

The final trait which characterised the Period I/II transition is the strong alteration of emphasis in the basic technology. Period II is technologically identified firstly by the expansion of the blade industry. In Period I, less than two-thirds of the 43 dated Points are made on blades while in the later phase, this ratio climbs to five-sixths. Period II displays a 300% growth of Long Blade Borers and a 15% reduction of Short Blade Borers. Miniature Borers are also reduced by half. These figures clearly indicate an improved blade technology and/or a preference for longer blades. Together with the Blade Burins, and Borers, the Long End Scrapers provide the most important indication of the expansion of the blades. The second technological alteration which characterises Period II is a reduction of the disc tradition. Disc Borers fall from 12.5% of the type group to 7.15%. Discoid Scrapers drop from 18.10% of the Id industry to 7.64% inllb and end at 10.25%. Notched Side Scrapers, are significantly reduced and Pics are halved in Period II. While these changes indicate a shift of technological emphasis, it must be remembered that Disc Burins first appear in Period II and Triangular Implements increase. Planes are consistantly higher. However, as the number of examples of these last three types is small, their increases do little to influence the clear dimunition described above. Finally, the presence of surface retouch on points increases from 27% of the total in I to 40% in

II. Also the relative areas covered by the retouch is greater in the later phase.

In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that the Period I/II transition is characterised by the adoption of new types, the absence of older types, significant differences in the relative percentages of the typegroups, important differences in the percentages of the constituent types, and finally by a number of technological alterations. These industrial traits define a statistically significant discontinuity within the internal development of the Dutch Bandkeramik flint industry and cannot merely be seen as a simple transition or succession. The nature and cause of that discontinuity are of the greatest cultural significance, and will provide the subject matter for the lecture connected with this paper.

Having established a statistically significant discontinuity within the Dutch Linearbandkeramik flint industry, this phenomenon must be explained

and interpreted. However before this can be discussed, the cultural background of the early Atlantic Period in the lower Rhine basin, and particularly the Maas valley, must briefly be described.

Concomitant with sweeping ecological alterations, the Atlantic Period is characterised by great cultural changes. Northern core and flake axe cultures can be seen to expand in a southerly direction, dominating the whole of the Northwest European Plain. The Danish Gudenaa culture, named Oldesloe in its German manifestation, superseded the indigenous Duvensee culture of Schleswig-Holstein and Niedersachsen<14). Gramseh(15) reports a similar movement eastwards into Mecklenburg to the Altmark. To the west of the Weser-Aller watershed, the same parallel transformation of cultural dominance took place. The new core and flake axe population replaced the indigenous Late Mesolithic, purely microlithic culture and, following a certain degree of contact and exchange, appears to have pushed the latter south, into the foothills of the Mittelgebirge. This new culture is known from more than two hundred sites and can be traced along the more important waterways and lakes of the northern Netherlands and Niedersachsen to the hills in the east, and south over the Vecht, the Ijssel, the great rivers, and well into the Maas valley (Map I.). A further extension of this Western Oldesloe culture around the Artois to the Pas de Clais and into the Scheldt estuary has not yet been established but it cannot be excluded.

In Schleswig-Holstein, the classic Oldesloe is followed by the more developed Younger Oldesloe stage. The establishment of such a separate phase was already postulated bySchwabedisse nu6) and called the „Bondenau Gruppe”. Recent work in the Satrup Moor<17) has further clarified the content of the industry and verified the group as an integrated unit. Further research*181 has increased the range

(14) H. SCHWABEDISSEN, Die mittlere Steinzeit im westlichen Norddeut schineid. Neumünster 1944.

(15) B. GRAMSCH, Der Stund, der Mittelsteinzeitforschung in der Mark Brandenburg. WZHU 9, I960.

(Ki) H. SCHWABEDISSEN, o.c.

(17) ID., Die Ausgrabungen in Satrup Moor. Offa lli, 1957/58.; ID. Untersuchung mesolitisch-neolithischer Moorsiedlungen in Schliswig-Holstein. Neue Ausgrabungen in Deutschland. Berlin 1958.; ID., Northern Continental Europe. Courses toward Urban Life. Chicago 1962.; ID., Sinngehalt und Abrgenzung des Mesolithikums nach den Forschungergebnissen im nördlichen Ted des Europäischen Kontinets. Report of the VIth International Congress on the Quaternary. Warsaw 1961 (1964).

(18) К. KERSTEN, Vorgeschichte des Kreises Herzogtum Lauenberg. Neumünster 1951.; ID., Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Offa 1959/60, 1963.; H. HINZ, Vorgeschichte des nordfriesischen Festlandes. Neumünster 1945.; K. KERSTEN - P. LA BAUME, Vorgeschich te der nordfriesischen Inseln. Neumünster 1958.; H. HINGST, Vorgeschichte des Kreises Stormarn. Neumünster 1959.; J. RÖSCHMANN, Vorgeschichte des Kreises Flensburg. Neumünster 1963.; C. AHRENS, Vorgeschichte des Kreises Pinneberg und der Insel Helgoland. Neumünster 1966.

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