Fitz Jenő (szerk.): Die aktuellen Fragen der Bandkeramik - István Király Múzeum közelményei. A. sorozat 18. A Pannon konferenciák aktái 1. (Székesfehérvár, 1972)
R. R. Newell: A hollandiai vonaldíszes kerámia korakő-eszközeinek rokonsága a közéső kőkori kőeszköziparral
the technological spectra. Instead of a regular curve, such a graph exhibits a number of peaks and clusters little or no overlap of the respective extremes. These peaks then represent the independent but related sub-groups which have their separate place and function within the total industry. Finally, the correlation of these peaks ie. the „size groups”, with the respective technological bases is statistically high enough for the respective technologies to be considred as the differentiating criteria. For example, +80% of the Short End Scrapers are made on flakes. These scrapers display a range of variation in size which only very slightly overlaps that of the Long Scrapers, of which ±85% are made on blades. Within the sub-groups, ie. type-groups, a number of varieties exist: Convex Concave, and Notched Side Scrapers; Straight, Convex, Oblique, and Denticulated End Scrapers; A, A A, and HA Burins(9), etc. These varieties, the specific types, are consistent in form throughout the respective, technologically separate type-groups. Within one or another group, the varieties display a variation in size and quantitative role which is not necessarily uniform from one typegroup to another. In other words, the convex end scraper may be the longest variety of the Short End Scrapers but the shortest variety within the Long End Scrapers. In this sense, the separate tools have a certain amount of independence within their typegroups, but they are more importantly related by and dependent upon the basic technology of that group. Therefore, it is the basic technology which determines not only the size but also the typological role of a particular tool within the total assemblage. This means, then, that each tool is fabricated so as to fill a predetermined place in the total assemblage. Each tool is made to fit certain specifications and to fulfill a definite function. The fact that there is little or no typological overlap or repetition rules out the possibility of haphazard or undifferentiated selection. Indeed, the very exact composition of the wide range of typological elements indicates a high degree of industrial sophistication and specialization. That specialization is the same as that found in the Mesolithic cultures during the Atlantic Period. Both industries are broad in their scope and aimed at a successful survival in the deciduous forest. Arrow points indicate supplementary hunting, borers and burins argue for wood and bone working, while the range of scrapers and knives could be for domestic use. Most importantly, forest management is manifest in the core and flake axes as well as the larger scrapers and disc burins. In conclusion, it is apparent from this technological and morphological description of the Bandkeramik flint industry that that culture had an equally broad and dynamic industrial response to survival in the Atlantic forest as that (9) A. BOHMERS — A. WOUTERS, Statistic and Graphs in the Study of Flint Assemblages. I’alaeohistoria 5, 1956. ( 10) P. MODDERMAN, Linearbandkeramik aus Elsoo ynd Stein. Analeçta Leidensia 3, 1970. postulated for the indigenous and contemporary Mesolithic. Having presented a technological and qualitative description of the Dutch Bandkeramik flint industry, the relative roles of the constituent types and typegroups must be analysed in order to give a quantitative definition of the total industry. In fact, it is only from a functional combination of both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the industry that culturally significant conclusions can be drawn. In Graph I, all of the intact specimens from Elsloo, Sittard, and Stein are counted as those specimens which could positively be identified as to type. The total number of tools is 1,815. These tools are graphed vertically in the Total Industry column in Graph I, where the typegroups calculated into percentages of the total number of specimens and the constituent types are recorded in terms of percentages of the respective type-group. That is to say, Points account for 6.50% of the Total Industry and Bandkeramik Points represent 20.2% of the total number of Points. When the type-group is represented by less than 40 specimens, only the actual number of the constituent types are given (Graph I). The Total Industry column of Graph I represents the complete assemblage of the Linearbandkeramik occupation of the loess of Limburg. It is, however, more useful for our purposes to divide the material according to the developmental and chronological system of Periods and Sub-Periods formulated by P. Modder ma n<10). Quantitative definitions of the industries of the successive Sub-Periods are presented, in the appropriate vertical columns, as percentages on the left and as actual numbers to the right. From an analysis of the Graph, it is immediately apparent that the Dutch Bandkeramik industry is not homogenous throughout its chronological sequence. In fact, exact continuity occurs only once. The remainder of the type-groups display a sequential variation from 0,03% to 14.75%. Secondly, there is no single pattern of change. Nevertheless, the variation is clear and can be used to indicate an irregular development which has an important cultural significance. In order to analyse the degree of successive chronological variation, two different methods were used. In the first instance, the percentage of dissimilarity was calculated by ascertaining the differences in the percentages of the respective type-groups of two succeeding periods. The differences were then totalled and divided by two, for the comparison is between two industries of 100%. The result is the maximum total difference expressed in percentage of dissimilarity. The series of percentages for the respective comparisons runs as follows*11’ (Graph II). Ib/Ic Ic/Id Id/lib Ilb/IIc llc/Ild 14.68% 15.33% 22.75%, 13.49%, 10.40%, (11) Sub-Period Па, with only 55 specimens, is too small to be statistically reliable in this connection. П
