Múzeumi Füzetek Csongrád 2. (Csongrád, 1999.)

V. SZABÓ Gábor: A bronzkor Csongrád megyében (Történeti vázlat a készülő régészeti állandó kiállítás kapcsán)

both as indepedent and as imported goods in the material of the tell cultures. The earliest finds of this new population — the Tumulus culture — appearing on the periphe-ries of the Perjámos and Vatya cultures, are known from partly investigated cemeteries and as stray finds. Among the earliest finds of the new culture we can list cemeteries situated in front of the Maros mouth, in the region between the Danube and Tisza (Röszke: REIZNER 1892, 163; Szeged-Bogárzó, Szeged-Bilisits: FOLTINY 1957; Kömpöc: TROGMAYER 1969). The basis for the early dating of these cemeteries to-date is not more than an observation according to which metal goods of these first generation graves contain bronzes known from the Koszider treasures (BONA 1992, 36). Some features of their ceramic vessels have parallels from the main, northwestern territories of the Tumulus culture, and the influence of the neighbouring tell cultures is hardly experienced at them. At the same time in the graves of the large Tumulus culture cemeteries thought to be younger (e.g. Tápé) types of the Koszider metallurgy can be hardly found, and their ceramic types show form and decorative features that refer to a long period of mixing and amalgamation with the population of the tell cultures that cease by this time. A further evidence for the appearance of the Tumulus culture in the Koszider period can be seen in the vessels showing Tumulus elements in the upper layers of the Perjámos tells (Pécska: SOROCEANU 1977, Abb. 10; SOROCEANU 1991, 80-81, 126) and in the latest cemeteries of the Vatya culture (LŐRINCZY-TROGMAYER 1995, Fig. 2. 7,9). The finds of the time following the Koszider period are represented by the burials of the Tumulus culture from Tápé. A part of the graves can be well dated by their metal goods to Reinecke BB2 and BC periods following the Koszider period (e.g. belt-plates, pins with seal shaped heads: TROGMAYER 1975, Grab 73, 132). Most of the vessels found in Tápé is not suitable for accurate dating, because they hardly differ from the vessels of the Szeged-Bogárzó-Kömpöc type graves described above. To such differences belong e.g. the fact that in Tápé we do not meet urns decorated with plastic bands that considered to be one of the most characteristic feature of the early phase of the Tumulus culture (KOVÁCS 1975, 314-315). On the basis of the metal and ceramic goods, the rest of published finds of the Tumulus culture (Kiskundorozsma: FOLTINY 1957, Taf. v, ix. 1-6, 9-10; Mártély: BANNER 1945, Taf. X. l18, 23; Hódmezövásárhely-Gorzsa: GAZDAPUSZTAI 1959, Fig. 2; HódmezövásárhelyKishomok: BANNER 1945, XII; Hódmezővásárhely-Szakáihát, pit 2: BANNER 1937, V. upper side 5-6, lower side 2) can not be considered to be older than graves from the cemetery of Tápé. Assemblages of the Great Hungarian Plain with the classical features of the Tumulus culture can not be divided into smaller chronological groups in other regions either. The examination of the Tumulus assemblages of Csongrád county shows that their appearance can be imagined not as migration waves, but as slow, but continouos infiltration of smaller communities. It is true that their cemeteries start in different time, but there is no large time difference in the beginning of the use of certain cemeteries, and they can not be divided into two independent horizons: before and after the Koszider period. Beside the finds of the Tumulus culture shown above we have in the territory of our county a specific post-Koszider culture: the Rákóczifalva group. The vessels of this group show a much more stable tradition of the Middle Bronze Age pottery than ceramics of the Tumulus culture concentrated in the region of the Maros mouth (Fig. 11) (KOVÁCS 1981).