A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve: Studia Historica 10. (Szeged, 2007)

MAROSVÁRI Attila: A földbirtokviszonyok változása és a mezőgazdasági nagyüzemek helyzete Kiszomboron 1890 és 1990 között

súlyú sertést adtak le, 1980-ban már 6666 q-t. A háztáji sertéstartás egyenes arányban növekedett a nagyüzemi (termelőszövetkezeti) tartás csökkenésével, azaz a község sertéstartása összességében nem növekedett, csupán átrendeződött, az állatáUomány zöme a szövetkezeti tartásból a magánszektor felé tolódott el. A kisüzemi szarvasmarha-tartás viszont nem vált számottevővé, sőt, mint láttuk az 1972-es mezőgazdasági összeírás adataiból, jelentősen visszaesett. Itt viszont fordított folyamat figyelhető meg: a tejtermelő nagyüzemi gazdaságok hatékonyabb és biztonságosabb tartási körülményeket teremtettek, ezért a háztáji gazdaságok tartása a hatvanas évektől folyamatosan csökkent. 1976 és 1981 között évente 70-100 olyan szarvasmarha leadására került sor, melyek a háztáji és kisegítő gazdaságokban nevelődtek.

215 ATTILA MAROSVÁRI CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION OF LANDS AND STATE OF LARGE AGRICULTURAL ESTATES IN KISZOMBOR BETWEEN 1890 AND 1990 Present study reveals the peculiarities and changes in the system of land possession during the 20

th century in the settlement of Kiszombor, belonging to the onetime Torontál County. The position of large agricultural estates is analyzed in the first place. From the 18

th century, the Rónay (Oexel) family owned the settlement. The area of more than 8600 acres once belonging to the Chamber, had grown to 10000 acres by the end of the 19

th century. In 1895 W% of the area constituted of large estates with territories over 100 acres, most of which belonged to the Rónay family. Ernő and Jenő Rónay owned most of the land; their common possession exceeded 3700 acres. Although this did not reach the average size of Hungarian latifundiums of the time, in this settlement it was considered as a large estate. The intensive and mechanized farming activity of the estate resulted in remarkable production. Sugar beet and corn was used in the local distillery founded by Ernő Rónay, while another part of the crop was processed in the sugar factory of Mezőhegyes, as well as was transported and sold in farther markets. Due to different reasons at the beginning of the 20

th century the area of the estates of the Rónay family decreased. In 1895 the family owned 6200 acres of land, in 1911 5400 acres, in 1925 3600 acres, and in 1937 they possessed slightly more than 2000 acres of land. The decrease was mainly due to the insufficient farming activity of some family members, and partly to the execution of the Nagyatádi land-reforms. The disintegration of large estates resulted in the fact, that in 1935 the settlement itself owned most of the landed property (over 1000 acres), while the largest private property (that of Aladár and Mária Rónay) did not reach 800 acres. Nonetheless the rate of medium-sized farms of 100 acres increased, as well as banks owned a significant part of the lands in the settlement, for instance the National Land Bank had a landed property of 550 acres, which Imre Lippay hired for agricultural activity. Consequently, the decrease of landed property affected farming activity; the profitability of land decreased (also accelerated by the economic crisis of the age); also the lack of modernisation reduced competitiveness. All this resulted in the hindering of the income conditions of local inhabitants. Notwithstanding middle-sized farms owned by the Rónay family tried to survive within the given conditions intensifying the profiles of agricultural production. The change of regime in 1945 destroyed at its very root the previously more or less productive large estates. The land-reform of 1945 distributed private landed properties larger than 100 acres, thus most of the large estates ceased to exist in Hungary. However, the owners of landed property of 100 acres were soon forced to offer their property to the state as well. 214 Uo. 215 Uo.