Balogh Csilla – P. Fischl Klára: Felgyő, Ürmös-tanya. A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve: Monumenta Archeologica 1. (Szeged, 2010)

The Bronze Age settlement and cemetery at Felgyő

114 P. FISCHL Klára - GUBA Szilvia of sheet metal resembling the ones from Felgyő, but with more closed terminals (KEMENCZEI 1979, Taf. IX). Some spiked pendants bear a punched design resembling the ornamentation of the pieces from Nagyrozvágy, although in a humbler form. The pendant with punch decorated edges from Szekszárd-Vígh telek, dated by metal finds of the R Br A2 period, probably comes from a grave (BÓNA 1975, Taf. 265. 20).

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8 The pendant in the hoard recovered from Feature 9 of the settlement at Szepescsiitörtök/Spissky Stvrtok in Slovakia likewise has a punched design (VLADÁR 1973, Abb. 64). The accompanying finds (cast, spiral termianelled crescentic pendants with rolled suspension loop, spiral tubes and boat shaped lock-rings: DAVID 2002, Taf. 140. 1-3) date the pendant to the R Br B

1 period (VLADÁR 1

973, 311). In addition to the above hoards, three pendants of this type were found among the artefacts in the Koszider period hoard from Temesnagyfalu/Satu Mare in Romania (R Br Bl; DAVID 2002, Taf. 150. 12-14). The date of comparable crescentic earrings provides the chronological position of the pieces from Felgyő: they postdate the more elongated pendants from Szőreg (modelled on bone prototypes) and pre-date the large pendants with anchor shaped middle element of the Koszider period. In sum, we may say that the pendant type was an ornament typical for the R Br A2 period. Although it does occur in a few Koszider period assemblages, these pendants were supplanted by the decorated pendants with middle element in the last phase of the Middle Bronze Age. Other finds The finds inventoried from the settlement include three bone artefacts. Two were made from ribs, the third is an awl (Fig. 53. 10). Most Middle Bronze Age settlements yield a rich variety of bone artefacts. The strikingly low number of such finds from Felgyő can probably be explained by the selection and discard of the finds not intended for inventorying and preservation. Several quem stones (four in all) and burnt daub fragments (ten pieces) were inventoried alongside the pottery and other finds. The latter provide incontestable proof that in addition to pits, there had also been timber-framed buildings with daub walls at the Felgyő settlement. IMPORT FINDS Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery culture

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9 Three Bronze Age burials yielded finds of the Encrusted Pottery culture. The assemblage from Grave 39, an um burial, included a pot which presumably functioned as the um. The Encrusted Pottery bowl (Fig. 20. 4) was probably used for covering the um. The drinking vessel in this case was the third vessel, a small mug. The biconical Vatya um with rounded carination in Grave 40 was also covered with a bowl. The third grave good was a Csór type cup (Fig. 23. 2), and a similar cup (Fig. 39. 2) was deposited in Grave 66 alongside the Vatya um and conical cover bowl. The um of Grave 52 (Fig. 29. 6) can likewise be assigned to the Encrusted Pottery culture. This grave yielded three small cups in addition to the cover bowl. The burials were in all cases performed according to the Vatya rite. Each grave only contained a single Encrusted Pottery vessel beside the artefacts of the Vatya culture. The cemetery's excavated portion did not contain any scattered cremation burials. The low number of Encrusted Pottery vessels in the Felgyő cemetery can hardly be interpreted as reflecting the settlement of a community from Transdanubia. In contrast, several scattered cremation burials came to light in the partly contemporaneous biritual cemetery at Csanytelek-Palé, where the proportion of Encrusted Pottery finds from the burials suggested the presence of a community of that culture (LŐRINCZY-TROGMAYER 1995, 62). Vessels of the Encrusted Pottery culture, namely fragments of larger storage jars (ums) (Fig. 46. 4, 48. 1, 52. 4) and a Csór type cup (Fig. 50. 5), came to light on the settlement lying north of the cemetery. The vessel fragments of the Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery culture, e.g. the Csór type cup from Grave 40 and the bowl from Grave 39, can be assigned to the late Encrusted Pottery-Proto-Szeremle phase (HONTI 1994; P. FISCHL-KISSKULCSÁR 1999, 116-119). The pottery of the Proto-Szeremle phase has been recovered from Vatya 3 and Vatya-Koszider contexts. The Proto-Szeremle phase marks the earlier phase of the Koszider period. Parallels to the Encrusted Pottery vessels from Felgyő can be quoted from Kelebia in the Great Hungarian Plain (ZALOTAY 1957; BÓNA 1975, Taf. 58-75). In the Transdanubian material, Csór type cups are known from the eponymous site (BÓNA 1975, Taf. 242. 18, 243, right side), Veszprém-Vár (CSÁNYI 1978. Pl. 12. 13), Harc (WOSINSZKY 1904, PI. LIV. 4-5) and Grave 12 of the Szeremle cemetery (BÓNA 1975, Taf. 257. 2, 10; REICH 2006, Taf. 66. 3). Good counterparts to the bowl from Grave 39 (Fig. 20. 4) can be quoted from Királyszentistván (BÓNA 1975, Taf. 230. 9) and Grave 11 of the Szeremle cemetery (BÓNA 1975, Taf. 256. 13; REICH 2006, Taf. 63. 1). The um shaped vessel from Grave 52 (Fig. 29. 6) is matched by a similar vessel from the Kelebia cemetery both as regards its shape and its ornamentation (BÓNA 1975, 74. 3, Taf. 75. 2). The rim fragment decorated with a lime encrusted design from the settlement resembles a similar piece from Pit 44 of the Vörs-Kerékerdő site (HONTI 1994, Abb. 2. I), part of an assemblage dated to the later Encrusted Pottery period. Füzesabony culture A cup (Fig. 52. 1) in the ceramic assemblage from the settlement is an import from the Füzesabony culture. In addition to cylindrical cups and large tankards, the culture's ceramic repertoire includes also downward tapering cups, although in lower number (Tiszafüred: BÓNA 1975, Taf. 197. 4; Ároktő-Dongóhalom: P. FISCHL 2004, Fig. 4. 1). A piece bearing a similar decoration on its foot as the cup from Felgyő, but with a cylindrical body was found in the Gelej cemetery (KEMENCZEI 1979, Taf. XV. 2). 18 This piece probably appears in the chart presenting the metal types of the Encrusted Pottery culture (BÓNA 1975, Abb. 22. 9). 19 We would here like to thank Viktória Kiss for her help in the identification and the cultural and chronological attribution of the Encrusted Pottery finds.