Paluch Tibor: Egy középső neolitikus lelőhely a kultúrák határvidékén. A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve: Monographia Archeologica 2. (Szeged, 2011)

KACZANOWSKA, Malgorzata - KOZLOWSKI, Janusz K. - DROBNIEWICZ, Barbara - WASILEWSKI, Michat: Lithic Implements from Maroslele-Pana

290 K.ACZANOWSKA ET AL. • LITHIC IMPLEMENTS FROM MAROSLELE-PANA 290 ture and subsequently this group began to spread to the north and south. The rate of this spread varied: to the north, into the uninhabited areas, the rate of the spread was much higher than to the south, where the traditional Körös elements persisted longer in the core areas until they were gradually submerged in the ALP Culture. Roughly at the same time, but not later than 5500/5400 cal BC, the emergence of the Vinca Culture in the Maros area began. Cultural pressure was thereafter exerted on the core areas of the Körös Culture from at least two directions. External influences — from the Vinca Culture — can be seen in the southern zone of the Körös Culture in the technology and stylistics of chipped stone industry. These influences contributed to the emergence of a specific type of assemblage exhibiting specific techno-morphological features that can be seen in the assemblage from Maroslele-Pana. A — partially — different model of a lithic industry is registered in the Tisza and Körös basin at Körös Culture sites with Vinca elements (the sites referred to by János Makkay (MAKKAY 1990; MAKKAY 2007) as Proto-Vinca). Typical examples, with the domination of obsidian, are inventories from the site of Szarvas 8/23 from pits 3/3 and 4/2 (KACZANOWSKA-KOZLOWSKI 2007). The assemblages of artefacts from the two features from Szarvas 8/23 are relatively small (20 and 71 specimens), but they display all the features typical of a Vinca industry: a predominance of end-scrapers, the presence of truncations, trapezes, and perforatoirs; at the same time, they differ from Maroslele-Pana in that that blank parameters are more microlithic. The sites of the southern zone, especially on the left side of the Middle Körös (Szarvas 8, Endröd 119, Endröd 39) provided numerous ground and polished artefacts. The raw materials were primarily rocks from the Apuseni Mountains, situated about 160 km east of these sites, imported along the Körös River (amphibolites, peridotite, dolerite, diorite, porphyry, propylitized gabbro, altered quartzdiorite, hornfels). Andesite was supplied from the neogenic volcanic areas of the Carpathian Basin. Some polished stone tools were imported from the territory of the eastern Alps over a distance of about 350 km. The presence of these raw materials indicates that besides lively contacts with territories to the north along the Tisza basin, communication along the east-west axis also played an important role. When polished and ground stone tools, sometimes of considerable size (up to 17 cm), were damaged (or intentionally broken) they were often reworked into smaller specimens. These are: asymmetrical, flat-convex adzes or rectangular in outline, slightly asymmetrical trapezoidal adzes sometimes re-worked from larger specimens, narrow chisels and fragments of perforated axes with asymmetrically located perforations. Such a large and rich set of tools for working wood bears witness to the importance of this activity for the inhabitants of settlements in southern zone during the Early-Middle Neolithic transition. Of interest is the presence of a marble mace whose nature is that of an insignum of social status. The occurrence of these types of objects at sites in Moldavia is interpreted by some scholars as the influence of the Vinca cultural zone. In assemblages of the southern zone there were, besides, fragments of strongly worn lower grinding stones, basin millers, grinders and pestles, predominantly re-worked from damaged or destroyed ground stone implements. Acknowledgments The study of lithic finds from Maroslele-Pana was supported by EU project FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Prehistoric Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-cultural Diversity). Microphotos from the traseological analysis of selected artefacts was conducted by Dr. Marek Doktor, from the Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Kraków. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIAGI-STARNINI 2010 Biagi, P. - Starnini, E.: The Early Neolithic chipped stone assemblages of the Carpathian Basin: typology and raw material circulation. In: Neolithization of the Carpathian Basin: northernmost distribution of the Starcevo/Körös Culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project FEPRE. Eds.: Kozlowski, J. K. Raczky, P. Kraków-Budapest 2010, 119-136. BOBOS-AVRAM 1989 Bobos, I. - Avram, K.: Mineralogical and petrographical analisis of siliceous Neolithic artifact in western Romania. Archaeometry in Romania 2 (1989) 47-160. DOMBORÓCZKI-KACZANOWSKA-KOZLOWSKI 2010 Domboróczki, L. - Kaczanowska, M. Kozlowski, J. K.: The Neolithic settlement at Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza-Puszta and the question of the northern spread of the Körös Culture. In: Atti Societa Preistoria e Protoistoria Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Quaderno 17. Trieste 2010, 101-155.