Juhász Antal: A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, 1982/83-2. A szegedi táj tanyái. (Szeged, 1989)

the same time provided manpower for the cultivation of a certain part of the estate. In the 1930s, about 1500—1600 people lived on 300—350 farms on small leaseholds. III. A separate chapter is devoted to the morphological characteristics of farm settlements. There are two kinds of farms settlements: (1) scattered farms in the fields, and (2) farms built along the arth-roads, sometimes as rows of houses as in a village. The tasks of settlement-ethnography include study of the lay-out of the farms. The author describes the different conditions a countryman took into consideration when building a farmhouse, e.g. how he adapted to the natural environment, to the prevailing wind or to the existing roads. The study reveals that the lay-out of the farms, that is the buildings (the dwelling-house, stable, pigsty and granary) has some characteristic features (Figures 49^—60). In the 20th century, there is a tendency to build farms with yards enclosed on three sides and to fence them off. IV. The conclusion discusses the place of the different kinds of settlements in the Szeged region in the system of settlements on the Great Hungarian Plain. There are four different types of farm development as regards the forms of ownership and utilisation of land : 1. In the confines of Szeged, a free royal town, and Dorozsma, a market-town having free legal status, abodes and then farms developed on privately owned land. 2. In two serf villages, Algyő and Kistelek, the abodes appeared on fee estates. This was possible because fee arable land was not cultivated in rotation and the serfs received their land in one piece. Further, the lands of the serfs were separated from the estate of the landlord. 3. In the area under consideration, farm development was typical on lands taken on lease, a phenomenon previously rather neglected by research into the history of settlements and agriculture. 4. On the sandy puszta distributed at the end of the 19th century, hundreds of farms were built on land held in perpetual tenure. Farm management has adapted to the ecological conditions, but in addition to animal-breeding and grain-growing, the intensive cultivation of grapes, fruit, red pepper and cabbages has developed almost everywhere. The different types of farm management are dealt with in another work by the same author. In 1949, 190 000 people lived in the area in question, 40% of them in the outskirts. The development of farm settlements to such an extent is mainly explained by three factors: (1) after the depopulation during the period of Turkish rule (1541—1686), there was always land to be distributed and cultivated in the region till the mind1920s; (2) there was a surplus of population which always moved to the puszta made available by distribution. Therefore, the internal migration was important, and for this reason there was no emigration from the region during the period concerned; (3) it was worth settling down and running a farm. The government authorities made two attempts to do away with farms in Hungary, in the 1780s and in the 1850s, but these failed. For several reasons, farms have been economic necessities on the Great Hungarian Plain for the last 250—300 years. This conclusion provides food for thought for the present policy relating to settlements and agriculture. 251