A Békés Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei 30. (Békéscsaba, 2007)

Gyucha Attila–Bácsmegi Gábor–Fogas Ottó–William A. Parkinson: Bautechnische und ansiedlungshistorische Beobachtungen auf einer tiefländischen Fundstelle aus der frühen Kupferzeit

Addig jár a korsó a kútra... Vaskori kutak Békéscsaba határából was influenced mainly by the environmental factors of the Mezőség and the valley of Körös Rivers, i.e., climate change, occurrence of living waters and the farming form of the Scythian Age population. Owing to the climate becoming dryer and dryer, the absence of permanent living waters (springs, rivers and lakes) and their presumably settled, pastoral way of life the Alföld-group of the Scythian Culture was constrained to dig wells. We can class the two Scythian Age wells excavated by Edit Nikolin in 1987 amongst the lined wells. Both wells were so called 'rováskút' (timber lined well) made from planks, constructed in a quadratic form. From the studied well No. 11 very little finds have come up, while in the sediment of well No. 12 lots of animal bones and ceramic fractions as well as a water ladle of biconical body with punching and a small rush basket have been found. At reconstructing the well No. 12, we can apply the "notched plank timber lining" technology being well known from ethnography. In compliance with that a 3-3,5 meter diameter hole approx. five meters deep of straight wall was dug until the level of water breaking out. After that a quadratic 'rovás' (notched plank timber lining) consisting of 2-3 centimeters thick, 1,1 meter long and 10-12 centimeters wide planks was built into the middle of the cylindrical well-hole at least until the Scythian Age surface. They filled back the earth getting out of digging the well hole mixed with household wastes between the wall of the well hole and the notched plank timber lining. On the basis of the typical Scythian Age archeological material got out of the well, we can date its usage to the sixth - fourth century before Christ. Based on the sediment appearing near to the bottom of the well and mixed with household wastes densely, we can presume that the well No. 12 was not used for a long time. After having terminated its usage, the well was utilized further as a waste pit. The animal bones got out of the well show the following proportion and numbers: swine (82,4 percent, 2 specimens), cattle (5,9 percent, 1 specimen), sheep / goat (4,4 percent, 1 specimen), horse (3,7 percent, 1 specimen), dog (2,9 percent, 1 specimen) and hare (0,7 percent, 1 specimen).

119 Bóka Gergely Békés Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága H-5600 Békéscsaba, Gyulai úti. E-mail: gerillH@freemail. hu See the results of the analyses of the animal bones in this volume: BÓKA-TUGYA 2007. 137